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| An Introduction | |
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| Preface | |
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| Typographical conventions and phonetic symbols | |
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| Aspects of accent | |
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| Linguistic and social variability | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Dialect and accent | |
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| Traditional-dialect | |
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| Geographical variation | |
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| Socio-economic class | |
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| Sex, ethnicity | |
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| Age: the time dimension | |
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| Styles and roles | |
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| Perceiving a stereotype | |
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| Projecting an image | |
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| Standards | |
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| What are the facts? | |
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| Accent phonology | |
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| Why phonology? | |
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| The taxonomic-phonemic model | |
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| Phonetic similarity | |
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| Non-contrastive distribution | |
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| Affricates and diphthongs | |
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| The phonological word | |
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| Multiple complementation and neutralization | |
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| Further difficulties with taxonomic phonemics | |
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| Phonological rules | |
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| Natural classes | |
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| A case in point: the velar nasal | |
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| Optional rules, variable rules | |
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| Rule ordering | |
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| Polylectal and panlectal phonology | |
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| How accents differ | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Phonetic realization | |
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| Phonotactic distribution | |
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| Phonemic systems | |
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| Lexical distribution | |
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| Further considerations | |
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| Consequences: rhymes, puns, and intelligibility | |
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| Rhythmical characteristics | |
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| Intonation | |
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| Voice quality | |
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| Why accents differ | |
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| Why innovations arise | |
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| System preservation | |
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| Splits and mergers | |
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| Regularization | |
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| Why innovations spread | |
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| The influence of literacy | |
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| External influences | |
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| Altering one's accent | |
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| Sets and systems | |
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| The reference accents | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The vowel system of RP | |
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| The vowel system of GenAm | |
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| The two vowel systems compared | |
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| RP and GenAm: further comparison | |
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| Standard lexical sets | |
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| Kit | |
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| Dress | |
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| Trap | |
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| Lot | |
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| Strut | |
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| Foot | |
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| Bath | |
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| Cloth | |
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| Nurse | |
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| Fleece | |
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| Face | |
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| Palm | |
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| Thought | |
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| Goat | |
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| Goose | |
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| Price | |
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| Choice | |
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| Mouth | |
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| Near | |
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| Square | |
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| Start | |
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| North | |
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| Force | |
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| Cure | |
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| Weak vowels: happy, lettER, commA | |
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| Systems; a typology | |
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| Part-system A | |
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| Part-system B | |
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| Part-system C | |
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| Part-system D | |
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| The consonant system | |
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| A typology for accents of English | |
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| Developments and processes | |
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| Residualisms | |
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| The Great Vowel Shift | |
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| NG Coalescence | |
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| The velar fricative | |
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| Thought Monophthonging | |
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| The Long Mid Mergers | |
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| The Fleece Merger | |
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| The Foot-Strut Split | |
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| The Nurse Merger | |
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| Pre-Fricative Lengthening | |
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| Yod Dropping | |
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| Price and Choice | |
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| Long Mid Diphthonging | |
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| The Great Divide | |
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| British prestige innovations | |
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| Vowels before /r/ | |
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| R Dropping | |
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| R Insertion | |
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| Glide Cluster Reduction | |
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| Suffix vowels | |
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| Bath and Cloth | |
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| The Force Mergers | |
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| The realization of Goat | |
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| Smoothing | |
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| Some American innovations | |
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| Vowels before /r/ | |
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| Lot Unrounding; loss of distinctive length | |
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| Later Yod Dropping | |
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| Tapping and T Voicing | |
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| Some further British innovations | |
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| H Dropping | |
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| Diphthong Shift | |
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| Happy Tensing | |
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| L Vocalization | |
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| Glottalization | |
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| The -ing variable | |
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| Sources and further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |
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| The British Isles | |
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| Preface | |
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| Typographical conventions and phonetic symbols | |
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| England | |
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| RP revisited | |
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| Varieties of RP | |
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| U-RP | |
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| Adoptive RP | |
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| Variability in mainstream RP | |
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| RP: systemic variability | |
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| RP: distributional variability | |
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| RP: realizational variability | |
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| RP: lexical-incidential variability | |
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| Near-RP | |
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| London | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The vowel system | |
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| Monophthongs and centring diphthongs | |
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| The Diphthong Shift | |
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| The Thought Split | |
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| The Goat Split | |
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| Vowel plus /l/ | |
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| Further remarks on vowels | |
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| The consonant system; [h] | |
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| Plosives: affrication, glottalling, tapping | |
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| Glottalling of other consonants | |
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| Fricatives | |
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| Yod phenomena | |
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| Prosodic features | |
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| Literary Cockney | |
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| The south | |
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| Introduction | |
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| East Anglia: vowels | |
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| The Norwich vowel system | |
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| East Anglia: consonants and prosodic features | |
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| The west country: rhoticity and its consequences | |
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| The west country: other consonants | |
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| The west country: vowels | |
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| The Bristol vowel system | |
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| The north | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Strut words | |
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| The Bath words | |
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| Other vowels | |
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| Two vowel systems | |
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| Velar nasal plus | |
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| Yorkshire Assimilation | |
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| The consonant /r/ | |
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| Other consonants | |
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| Merseyside | |
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| Tyneside | |
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| The Celtic countries | |
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| Wales | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Rhoticity | |
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| A typical vowel system | |
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| Five possible extra contrasts | |
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| Further remarks on vowels | |
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| Consonants | |
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| Connected-speech variants | |
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| Prosodic features | |
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| Sociolinguistics in Cardiff | |
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| Scotland | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Scots | |
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| Monophthongs | |
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| Diphthongs | |
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| Vowels before /r/ | |
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| Consonants | |
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| The Highlands and Islands | |
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| Prosodic features | |
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| Sociolinguistic studies | |
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| Ireland | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The vowel system | |
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| Vowels before /r/ | |
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| Short vowels | |
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| Long vowels | |
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| Diphthongs | |
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| Weak vowels | |
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| Alveolar and dental stops | |
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| The liquids | |
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| Other consonants | |
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| Processes | |
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| Prosodic features | |
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| The north: introduction | |
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| The north: vowel system and vowel length | |
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| The north: vowel quality | |
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| The north: consonants | |
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| The north: processes | |
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| The north: intonation | |
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| The north: accent and dialect | |
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| Summary | |
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| Sources and further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |
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| Beyond the British Isles | |
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| Preface | |
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| Typographical conventions and phonetic symbols | |
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| North America | |
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| GenAm revisited | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Thought-Lot Merger | |
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| Further issues relating to Thought and Lot | |
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| Bath Raising | |
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| Vowels before /r/ | |
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| Other vowels | |
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| Consonants | |
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| Canada | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The vowel system | |
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| The open back vowel(s) | |
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| Price, Mouth Raising | |
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| Consonants | |
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| Questions of incidence | |
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| Newfoundland: general | |
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| Newfoundland: vowels | |
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| Newfoundland: consonants | |
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| New York City | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The vowel system | |
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| Variable non-rhoticity and its consequences | |
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| Nurse and Choice | |
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| Bath Raising | |
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| Cloth-Thought Raising | |
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| Lot Lengthening | |
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| Alveolars and dentals | |
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| Other consonants | |
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| New England | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Non-rhoticity | |
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| The open front vowel area | |
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| The open back vowel area | |
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| The New England 'short o' | |
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| Price and Mouth | |
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| The south | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The vowel system | |
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| The lax vowels | |
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| Price and Mouth | |
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| Other vowels | |
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| Vowel plus nasal | |
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| Is southern speech non-rhotic? | |
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| Vowel plus /r/ | |
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| Vowel plus /l/ | |
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| Weak vowels | |
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| Consonants | |
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| Black English | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Phonetic characteristics | |
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| The West Indies | |
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| General characteristics of Caribbean English | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Creole | |
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| TH Stopping | |
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| Cluster reduction | |
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| Other consonants | |
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| Vowels and /r/ | |
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| Prosodic features | |
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| Individual territories | |
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| Jamaica | |
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| Trinidad | |
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| Guyana | |
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| Barbados | |
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| The Leewards | |
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| Bahamas | |
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| The southern hemisphere | |
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| Australia | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The vowel system | |
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| Closing diphthongs | |
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| Monophthongs | |
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| Centring diphthongs | |
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| Weak vowels | |
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| Consonants | |
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| Prosodic characteristics | |
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| New Zealand | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Central Kit | |
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| The remainder of the vowel system | |
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| The lateral and its influence | |
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| Other consonants | |
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| South Africa | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Kit Split | |
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| Other front vowels | |
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| Diphthongs | |
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| Long monophthongs | |
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| The liquids | |
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| Other consonants | |
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| Regional and social variability | |
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| The imperial legacy | |
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| India | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Anglo-Indian | |
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| Vowels | |
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| Consonants | |
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| Prosodic characteristics | |
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| Interference and intelligibility | |
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| Africa | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Liberia | |
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| Vowels | |
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| Consonants | |
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| Prosodic characteristics | |
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| Interference and intelligibility | |
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| The Far East | |
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| Singapore | |
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| The Philippines | |
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| Hawaii | |
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| Sources and further reading | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |