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| Preface | |
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| To the student | |
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| Preliminaries: what is phonology? and some related matters | |
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| The domain | |
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| Areas of agreement | |
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| On facts, theories, and 'truth' | |
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| Notes and references | |
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| Foundations: the phoneme concept | |
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| Segmentation and classification | |
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| Units, realizations, distributions | |
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| 'Excess' of data: the phoneme as a solution | |
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| Criteria for phonemic status | |
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| Phonemic analysis and restricting conditions | |
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| Simplicity, symmetry, pattern: the 'as-if' argument | |
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| Problems, I: biuniqueness and overlapping | |
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| Problems, II: linearity violations | |
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| Problems, III: separation of levels | |
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| Problems, IV: 'failure' of allophonic rules | |
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| A salvage operation for separation of levels: 'juncture' phonemes | |
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| Notes and references | |
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| Opposition, neutralization, features | |
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| Neutralization and the archiphoneme | |
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| The structure of phonological oppositions | |
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| Multiple neutralization | |
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| Neutralization types and archiphoneme 'representatives' | |
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| Neutralization vs. defective distribution: reprise | |
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| Notes and references | |
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| Interfaces: morphophonemic alternations and sandhi | |
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| Morphophonemic alternations | |
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| Morphophonemics as an 'interlevel' | |
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| Process morphophonemics: Bloomfield | |
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| The Unique Underlier Condition | |
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| The UUC and the Latin consonant-stems | |
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| Summary: implications of underlying forms and processes | |
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| Sandhi | |
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| Notes and references | |
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| 'Ultimate constituents', 1: binary features | |
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| Feature theory | |
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| Jakobsonian distinctive features | |
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| Distinctiveness and redundancy | |
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| Features and 'natural classes' | |
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| A tentative set of segmental phonological features | |
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| Major class features | |
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| Cavity features | |
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| Primary strictures | |
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| Tongue-body features | |
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| Some problems in vowel specification | |
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| Multiple articulations | |
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| Lip attitude | |
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| Length of stricture | |
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| Secondary apertures | |
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| Manner features | |
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| Source features | |
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| Aspiration | |
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| Long vowels, diphthongs, and long consonants | |
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| Airstreams | |
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| Features in phonological description: first steps | |
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| Segment inventories | |
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| Phonological rules | |
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| Capturing natural classes: the role of acoustic features | |
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| Notes and references | |
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| 'Ultimate constituents', 2: non-binary features and internal segment structure | |
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| The homogeneity assumption | |
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| Dissolving binarity: arguments from vowel height | |
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| Non-binary consonantal features | |
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| Internal segment structure, 1: sequential values | |
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| Internal segment structure, 2: the concept of 'gesture' | |
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| A problem: auditory/articulatory asymmetry in vowels | |
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| Notes and references | |
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| Phonological systems | |
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| The status of systems | |
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| The English Vowel Shift: the argument from non-participation | |
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| The argument from cyclical shifts | |
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| Phonological universals and markedness | |
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| System typology, I: vowel systems | |
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| Introduction: what phonemes does a language 'have'? | |
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| Long vowels and diphthongs | |
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| Basic vowel system types | |
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| System typology, II: consonant systems | |
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| Obstruents, 1: stops | |
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| Obstruents, 2: fricatives | |
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| Some generalizations about obstruents | |
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| Sonorants, 1: nasals | |
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| Sonorants, 2: 'liquids' | |
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| Sonorants, 3: 'semivowels' ('glides', vocoid approximants) | |
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| What phonemes does a language 'have'? revisited | |
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| Polysystematicity and neutralization | |
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| Notes and references | |
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| Phonological processes | |
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| The concept of process: terminology, theory, problems | |
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| Assimilation and dissimilation | |
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| Direction and contiguity | |
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| Basic assimilation and dissimilation types | |
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| Acoustic assimilation | |
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| Phonological strength | |
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| Lenition and fortition | |
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| Preferential environments and 'protection' | |
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| More on strength hierarchies | |
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| Whole segment processes: insertion, deletion, reordering | |
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| Insertion | |
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| Deletion | |
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| Reordering | |
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| Complex processes and abbreviatory notations | |
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| Natural processes, evaluation measures, and explanation | |
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| Notes and references | |
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| The limits of abstraction: generative phonology | |
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| The conceptual core: 'relation by mediation' | |
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| Abstract analysis: the German velar nasal | |
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| 'Abstract segments' and absolute neutralization: Hungarian vowel harmony | |
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| Some arguments against abstract solutions | |
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| Testing abstract analyses: the role of external evidence | |
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| Constraining the theory | |
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| Abstractness: some conclusions | |
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| Notes and references | |
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| Beyond the segment: prosodies, syllables, and quantity | |
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| 'Reduction': how primitive are primitives? | |
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| Prosodic phonology | |
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| A first approach to prosodies | |
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| Types of prosodies | |
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| The prosodic treatment of vowel harmony | |
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| Syllables | |
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| Preliminaries | |
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| The reality of the syllable: quantity | |
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| Canonical quantity and 'compensation' | |
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| More arguments for the syllable | |
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| Delimiting syllables | |
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| Interludes | |
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| Notes and references | |
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| Dependency relations | |
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| The concept of dependency | |
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| Intrasegmental dependencies: the structure of vowels | |
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| Vocalic processes in a dependency framework | |
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| The structure of consonants: the categorial gesture | |
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| The articulatory gesture | |
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| The initiatory gesture | |
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| Lenition revisited | |
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| Notes and references | |
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| Non-static phonology: connected speech and variation | |
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| Preliminaries | |
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| Connected and casual speech | |
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| Systemic effects, tempo hierarchies, and rule interactions | |
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| Variation and variables: the social dimension | |
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| Individual variation: the lexical dimension | |
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| Notes and references | |
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| Phonological change | |
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| What changes? Phonetic change and phonologization | |
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| Split and merger | |
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| Morphophonemic rules, morphologization, and analogy | |
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| The mechanism of sound change | |
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| 'Regularity' and reconstructability | |
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| Lexical diffusion and the origin of regularity | |
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| Phonetic gradulness: variation and change | |
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| Phonetic gradualness and 'missing links' | |
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| Notes and references | |
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| Phonetic and other symbols | |
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| References | |
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| General index | |
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| Index of names | |