| |
| |
| Acknowledgements | |
| |
| |
| List of Maps | |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Region in Turmoil | |
| |
| |
| |
| Kivu: Land of confrontation | |
| |
| |
| National context | |
| |
| |
| Crises of identity, of land and of politics | |
| |
| |
| The new given: Influx of Hutu refugees | |
| |
| |
| South Kivu: The Banyamulenge | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rwanda: From genocide to dictatorship | |
| |
| |
| The power base | |
| |
| |
| The drift | |
| |
| |
| 'Burundisation' of Rwanda | |
| |
| |
| Militarisation of the political landscape | |
| |
| |
| Continuity in managing the state | |
| |
| |
| |
| Burundi: From putsch to civil war | |
| |
| |
| Creeping coup | |
| |
| |
| Extension of the civil war | |
| |
| |
| Coup of 25 July 1996 and its aftermath | |
| |
| |
| |
| Regional junctions | |
| |
| |
| |
| The 'War of Liberation' | |
| |
| |
| |
| The 'Banyamulenge Rebellion' and the Rwandan operation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The other eastern neighbours: Uganda and Burundi | |
| |
| |
| |
| Angola enters the fray: Kinshasa in 100 days | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other regional allies | |
| |
| |
| |
| U.S. involvement | |
| |
| |
| Logistical and political support | |
| |
| |
| Supply of material and personnel | |
| |
| |
| Incoberence | |
| |
| |
| Degree of involvement | |
| |
| |
| |
| Massacre of the Rwandan Refugees | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aborted international intervention | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crimes against humanity: Genocide? | |
| |
| |
| Attacks against refugee camps and concentrations | |
| |
| |
| Humanitarian assistance withheld or used as bait | |
| |
| |
| Separation of men from women and children | |
| |
| |
| Involvement of the RPA | |
| |
| |
| Massacres of other groups | |
| |
| |
| |
| The force of manipulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Fall of the Mobutist State | |
| |
| |
| |
| The players | |
| |
| |
| Laurent-D�sir� Kabila and the Alliance des Forces D�mocratiques pour la Lib�ration du Congo-Za�re (AFDL) | |
| |
| |
| The Forces Arm�es Za�roises (FAZ)and their allies | |
| |
| |
| |
| The diplomatic ballet | |
| |
| |
| |
| Meanwhile, in Kinshasa, the orchestra on the TITANIC | |
| |
| |
| |
| The new geopolitical situation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Congo: Waiting for Another War | |
| |
| |
| |
| The 'liberated territories' in the East | |
| |
| |
| Two problems worse than before | |
| |
| |
| Massive human rights violations | |
| |
| |
| Practices of governance | |
| |
| |
| |
| The end of an alliance and the prelude to a new war | |
| |
| |
| The regime adrift | |
| |
| |
| The art of making enemies | |
| |
| |
| Towards a new war | |
| |
| |
| |
| Impasse in Rwanda and Burundi | |
| |
| |
| |
| The civil wars | |
| |
| |
| |
| Political or military outcomes? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Justice in deadlock | |
| |
| |
| |
| Institutional developments and practice of governance | |
| |
| |
| |
| 'The First African World War' | |
| |
| |
| |
| From Goma to Kitona, and to military stalemate | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shifting alliances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wars within the war | |
| |
| |
| The Kivus | |
| |
| |
| Ituri | |
| |
| |
| |
| Privatisation and criminalisation | |
| |
| |
| State collapse and the privatisation of public space | |
| |
| |
| Criminalisation of states and economies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Negotiating the Transition | |
| |
| |
| |
| The political landscape | |
| |
| |
| The regime in Kinshasa | |
| |
| |
| The rebel movements | |
| |
| |
| |
| The false start of negotiations: From Victoria Falls to the death of Laurent Kabila | |
| |
| |
| Many cooks in the same kitchen | |
| |
| |
| The Lusaka process | |
| |
| |
| From Lusaka to the assassination of Laurent Kabila | |
| |
| |
| |
| Towards an imposed settlement: From the accession of Joseph Kabila to Sun City | |
| |
| |
| A dynastic succession | |
| |
| |
| From Sun City to Pretoria, and back to Sun City | |
| |
| |
| |
| Political transition in conflict | |
| |
| |
| The bumpy road towards elections | |
| |
| |
| The 2006 elections | |
| |
| |
| Conclusion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sources on the killings of Rwandan refugees in early 1997 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chronology | |
| |
| |
| |
| List of abbreviations | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |