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| List of Figures and Tables | |
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| Glossary of Acronyms, Names, and Ethnic Terms | |
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| Preface and Acknowledgments | |
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| The Peacebuilding World | |
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| The Puzzle of Poor Strategies | |
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| Main Argument | |
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| Understanding Peacebuilding Failures | |
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| Conventional Explanations | |
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| The Inadequacy of Conventional Explanations | |
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| Understanding How Culture Shapes Action on the Ground | |
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| Methodology | |
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| Overview of the Book | |
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| A Top-Down Problem | |
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| From the Top, Down: A Story | |
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| The Dominant Framework of Analysis | |
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| Brief Historical Context | |
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| National Tensions | |
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| Regional Combat | |
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| Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources | |
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| A �Postconflict� Environment | |
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| In the Eastern Provinces, a Hobbesian World | |
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| The Missing Leviathan | |
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| �Local� Means �Criminal� | |
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| An Inherently Violent Country | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| A Top-Down Solution | |
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| Three Shared Understandings | |
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| An Impossible Mission | |
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| A Top-Down Approach | |
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| A �Postconflict� Intervention | |
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| The Intervention Tools | |
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| The Election Fetish | |
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| Working �in Constant Crisis Mode� | |
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| Beyond Crises: The Standard, Macro Approach | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| A Bottom-Up Story | |
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| Importance of Local Conflict in Modern Congolese History | |
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| Attaining Local Citizenship: Power, Land, and Ethnicity Before the Wars of the 1990s | |
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| Local Antagonisms and Violence: What the War Changed | |
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| Local Patterns of Violence During the Transition | |
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| Social, Political, and Economic Agendas | |
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| A Closer Look: Local Dimensions of the Rwandan Hutu Militias' Presence | |
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| Understanding the Joint Production of Violence during the Transition | |
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| North Kivu: Master Cleavages and Local Alliances | |
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| South Kivu: Progressively Autonomous Local Agendas | |
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| North Katanga: Uncontrolled Militias Rejecting National Control | |
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| Ituri: The Primacy of Land | |
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| Conclusion: The Need for Local Peacebuilding Programs | |
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| The Defeat of Bottom-Up Solutions | |
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| A Potential Local Conflict-Resolution Strategy | |
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| Contestation and Opportunities for Change | |
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| The Limited Attempts of Nongovernmental Organizations | |
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| Fleeting Scheme by MONUC | |
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| Rare Initiatives by Diplomatic Missions | |
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| The Standard Approach of Other International Organizations | |
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| The Ituri Case | |
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| Understanding the Exceptions | |
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| Organizational Subcultures | |
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| Shocking Events and Increased Intervention | |
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| Understanding Failures | |
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| The Defeat of Contestation | |
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| The Limited Impact of Shocking Events | |
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| Constructing Constraints | |
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| Bureaucratic Structures and Available Expertise | |
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| Congolese Sovereignty | |
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| Mandate �Constraints� | |
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| Contextual�Constraints� | |
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| A Vicious Circle | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Beyond the Congo | |
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| Why Did the International Intervention Fail to Help the Congo Build Peace and Democracy? | |
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| The Intervention's Meager Results | |
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| Was the International Intervention Truly a Failure? | |
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| The Drawbacks of the Electoral Tool | |
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| Toward a New Understanding of Peacebuilding Failures | |
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| Beyond the Congo, Beyond Africa | |
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| Achieving Peacebuilding Success: The Need for Bottom-Up Approaches | |
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| Top-Down Understanding, Local �Criminality,� and the Normality of Widespread Violence | |
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| Top-Down Understanding of the Interveners' Role | |
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| Vicious Circles and Shocking Events | |
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| Policy Recommendations | |
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| Facilitate Cultural Change | |
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| Develop Expertise and Bureaucratic Structures for Local Peacebuilding | |
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| Work through Local Actors Whenever Possible; Intervene Directly if Necessary | |
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| Conceive of Local Peacebuilding as a Part of the Broader Task of Peace- and State-Building | |
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| Consider a New Approach to Postconflict Intervention | |
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| Conclusion: Transforming the Peacebuilding World | |
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| Appendix - Chronology | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |