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| List of Illustrations | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Cultural Foundations of China's Prison Camp System | |
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| Premodern China's Legacy of Nonpunitive Forced Labor | |
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| Imperial China's Heritage of Forced Labor and Exile for Convicts | |
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| Late Qing and Early Republican Era Legal Reforms | |
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| Prison and Conscript Labor under the Guomindang | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The Development of the Chinese Communist Prison Camp | |
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| The Jiangxi Soviet's Inaugural CCP Camp System, 1931-34 | |
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| Proximate Influences: The CCP Guerrilla Bases and the USSR | |
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| Establishment of the PRC Laogai Camps | |
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| The Rise of PRC Camps for Reeducation through Labor | |
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| The Rise and Steep Decline of "Forced Job Placement" for Released Inmates | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| The PRC Prison Camp (I): From Arrest to Forced Labor | |
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| Arrest | |
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| Detention Centers and the Pressure to Confess | |
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| Going before a Court or Tribunal | |
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| Transit Prisons and Transport to Camp | |
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| Socialization in the Prison Camp | |
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| Prison Food and Clothing | |
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| Barracks Life and Sanitation | |
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| Vermin and Disease | |
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| Sexuality | |
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| Forced Labor | |
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| The PRC Prison Camp (II): From Struggle Sessions to Release or Death | |
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| The Party-State's Implicit Strategies for Control over Prisoners | |
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| "Study" and Struggle Sessions | |
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| Prison Argot | |
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| The Isolation Cell | |
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| Bruising "Help" from Activist Prisoners | |
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| Torture at the Hands of Prison Guards and Officials | |
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| Resistance | |
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| Inmate Death and Its Aftermath | |
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| Release back into Society | |
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| Prison Writings | |
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| From Taboo-Enforced Silence to Active Development | |
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| Four Categories of Prison Writings | |
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| Ex-inmates' Motivations for Writing | |
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| The Prison Camp Stay as a Transitional Device | |
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| Structural Features of Prison Wall Fiction | |
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| The Romantic Laogai Camp | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Western-Language Nonfiction | |
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| Western-Language Fiction | |
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| Nonfiction in East Asian Languages | |
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| Fiction in East Asian Languages | |
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| Chinese Character Glossary | |
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| Index | |