| |
| |
| |
| The Ancient World | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Near East | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mesopotamian Protest against Death: Epic of Gilgamesh | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mesopotamian Concepts of Justice: Code of Hammurabi | |
| |
| |
| |
| Divine Kingship in Egypt: Hymns to the Pharaohs | |
| |
| |
| Guidelines for the Ruler | |
| |
| |
| |
| Religious Inspiration of Akhenaten: Hymn to Aton | |
| |
| |
| |
| Love, Passion, and Misogyny in Ancient Egypt: Love Poetry | |
| |
| |
| The Instruction of Ankhsheshonq | |
| |
| |
| |
| Empire Builders: the Assyrian Empire, Inscription of Tiglathpileser I | |
| |
| |
| The Persian Empire, Inscriptions of Cyrus and Darius I | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Myth-Making Outlook of the Ancient Near East: Personification of Natural Objects | |
| |
| |
| Lament for Ur, the Gods and Human Destiny | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Hebrews | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hebrew Cosmogony and Anthropology: Genesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Human Sinfulness: Genesis, the Origins of Sin | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Covenant and the Ten Commandments: Exodus, the Covenant | |
| |
| |
| Exodus, the Ten Commandments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Humaneness of Hebrew Law: Exodus, Crime and Punishment | |
| |
| |
| Leviticus, Neighbor and Community | |
| |
| |
| Deuteronomy, Judges, Witnesses, and Justice | |
| |
| |
| |
| God's Greatness and Human Dignity: Psalm 8 | |
| |
| |
| Psalm 104 | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Problem of Undeserved Suffering: Job, "[God] destroys both the blameless and the wicked." | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Age of Classical Prophecy: Amos and Isaiah, Social Justice | |
| |
| |
| Isaiah, Peace and Humanity | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Greeks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Homer: the Educator of Greece: Homer, the Iliad | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lyric Poetry: Sappho, Love, Passion, and Friendship | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early Greek Philosophy: the Emancipation of Thought from Myth: Aristotle, Thales of Miletus | |
| |
| |
| Anaximander | |
| |
| |
| Aristotle, Pythagoras | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Expansion of Reason: Hippocrates, the Sacred Disease, the Separation of Medicine from Myth | |
| |
| |
| Thucydides, Method of Historical Inquiry | |
| |
| |
| Critias, Religion as a Human Invention | |
| |
| |
| |
| Humanism: Pindar, the Pursuit of Excellence | |
| |
| |
| Sophocles, Lauding Human Talents | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Persian Wars: Herodotus, the Histories | |
| |
| |
| |
| Greek Drama: Sophocles, Antigone | |
| |
| |
| |
| Athenian Greatness: Thucydides, the Funeral Oration of Pericles | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Status of Women in Classical Greek Society: Euripides, Medea | |
| |
| |
| Aristophanes, Lysistrata | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Peloponnesian War: Thucydides, the Melian Dialogue and the Revolution at Corcyra | |
| |
| |
| |
| Socrates: the Rational Individual: Plato, the Apology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plato: the Philosopher-King: Plato, the Republic | |
| |
| |
| |
| Aristotle: Science, Politics, and Ethics: Aristotle, History of Animals, Politics, and Nicomachean Ethics | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hellenistic Culture: Universalism and Individualism: Plutarch, Cultural Fusion | |
| |
| |
| Epicurus, Self-Sufficiency | |
| |
| |
| |
| Greek Culture and the Jews in the Hellenistic Age: First Book of Maccabees, Jewish Resistance to Forced Hellenization | |
| |
| |
| Philo of Alexandria, Appreciation of Greek Culture and Synthesis of Reason and Revelation | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Roman Republic | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rome's March to World Empire: Polybius, the Roman Army | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Punic Wars: Livy, the Second Punic War: the Threat from Hannibal | |
| |
| |
| Appian of Alexandria, the Third Punic War: the Destruction of Carthage | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Spread of Greek Philosophy to Rome: Lucretius, Denunciation of Religion | |
| |
| |
| Cicero, Advocate of Stoicism | |
| |
| |
| Cato the Elder, Hostility to Greek Philosophy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Roman Slavery: Diodorus Siculus, Slaves: Torment and Revolt | |
| |
| |
| Appian of Alexandria, the Revolt of Spartacus | |
| |
| |
| |
| Women in Republican Society: Quintus Lucretius Vespillo, a Funeral Eulogy for a Roman Wife | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Decline of the Republic: Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus | |
| |
| |
| Cicero, Justifying Caesar's Assassination | |
| |
| |
| Velleius Paterculus, the Triumph of Octavian | |
| |
| |
| Sallust, Moral Deterioration | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Roman Empire | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Imperial Office: Augustus, the Achievements of the Divine Augustus | |
| |
| |
| Tacitus, the Imposition of One-Man Rule | |
| |
| |
| |
| Imperial Culture: Virgil, the Aeneid | |
| |
| |
| Ovid, the Art of Love | |
| |
| |
| Juvenal, the Satires | |
| |
| |
| |
| Roman Stoicism: Seneca, the Moral Epistles | |
| |
| |
| Marcus Aurelius, Meditations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Roman Law: Justinian, Corpus Iurius Civilis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Provincial Administration: Correspondence between Pliny the Younger and Emperor Trajan | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Roman Peace: Aelius Aristides, the Roman Oration, the Blessings of the Pax Romana | |
| |
| |
| Tacitus, the Other Side of the Pax Romana | |
| |
| |
| |
| Third-Century Crisis: Dio Cassius, Caracalla's Extortions | |
| |
| |
| Petition to Emperor Phillip | |
| |
| |
| Herodian, Extortions of Maximinus | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Demise of Rome: Ammianus Marcellinus, the Battle of Adrianople | |
| |
| |
| Salvian, Political and Social Injustice | |
| |
| |
| Saint Jerome, the Fate of Rome | |
| |
| |
| Pope Gregory I, the End of Roman Glory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early Christianity | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Teachings of Jesus: the Gospel According to Saint Mark | |
| |
| |
| The Gospel According to Saint Matthew | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Dead Sea Scrolls: the Qumran Community, the Community Rule | |
| |
| |
| |
| Christianity and Greco-Roman Learning: Tertullian, What Has Jerusalem to Do with Athens? | |
| |
| |
| Clement of Alexandria, in Defense of Greek Learning | |
| |
| |
| Saint Augustine, Appropriating Pagan Learning and Institutions for Christian Ends | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Persecutions: Persecutions at Lyons and Vienne | |
| |
| |
| |
| Monastic Life: Saint Jerome, the Agony of Solitude in the Desert | |
| |
| |
| Cassian of Marseilles, On the Dangers and Fruits of Solitude | |
| |
| |
| Saint Benedict of Nursia, the Benedictine Rule | |
| |
| |
| |
| Christianity and Society: Lactantius, Acquisitiveness as the Source of Evil | |
| |
| |
| Saint Benedict of Nursia, the Christian Way of Life | |
| |
| |
| The Apostle Paul, the Submissive Role of Women | |
| |
| |
| |
| Jews in the Era of Early Christianity: Saint John Chrysostom, Christian Demonization of Jews | |
| |
| |
| Rabbinic Judaism: Ethical Concerns | |
| |
| |
| |
| Church and State: Pope Gelasius I, Letter to Emperor Anastasius | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Christian World-View: Saint Augustine, the City of God | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Middle Ages | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Early Middle Ages | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Byzantine Cultural Achievement: Theophylact Simocattes, the Value of Reason and History | |
| |
| |
| |
| Islam: the Koran | |
| |
| |
| |
| Muslim Relations with Christians and Jews: Legal Texts and Decrees: Restrictions on Dhimmis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Jihad: Sayings Attributed to the Prophet: Ibn Taymiyyah, the Religious and Moral Doctrine of Jihad | |
| |
| |
| |
| Islam and Greek Learning: Avicenna, Love of Learning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Converting the Germanic Peoples to Christianity: Bede, History of the English Church and People | |
| |
| |
| Einhard, Forcible Conversion under Charlemagne | |
| |
| |
| Martin of Braga, the Persistence of Paganism in the Countryside | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Transmission of Learning: Cassiodorus, the Monk as Scribe | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Carolingian Renaissance: Einhard, Charlemagne's Appreciation of Learning | |
| |
| |
| Charlemagne, An Injunction to Monasteries to Cultivate Letters | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Feudal Lord: Vassal and Warrior: Galbert of Bruges, Commendation and the Oath of Fealty | |
| |
| |
| Bishop Fulbert of Chartres, Obligations of Lords and Vassals | |
| |
| |
| Bertran de Born, in Praise of Combat | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Burdens of Serfdom: Bishop Adalbero of Laon, the Tripartite Society | |
| |
| |
| Ralph Glaber, Monk of Cluny, Famine | |
| |
| |
| William of Jumi?ges and Wace, Failed Rebellion | |
| |
| |
| |
| The High and Late Middle Ages | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Revival of Trade and the Growth of Towns: How to Succeed in Business | |
| |
| |
| Ordinances of the Guild Merchant of Southampton | |
| |
| |
| Alliance of German Towns to Protect Merchants, 1253 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Papal Supremacy: Pope Gregory VII, the Dictatus Papae | |
| |
| |
| Pope Innocent III, "Royal Power Derives Its Dignity from the Pontifical Authority." | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Crusades: Robert the Monk, Appeal of Urban II to the Franks | |
| |
| |
| William of Tyre, the Capture of Jerusalem | |
| |
| |
| James of Vitry, "The Remission of Sins and the Reward of Eternal Life." | |
| |
| |
| |
| Religious Dissent: Thomas Aquinas, Death for Unrepentant Heretics | |
| |
| |
| Bernard Gui, the Waldensian Teachings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Medieval Learning: Synthesis of Reason and Christian Faith: Adelard of Bath, a Questioning Spirit | |
| |
| |
| Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica | |
| |
| |
| |
| Medieval Universities: Geoffrey Chaucer, an Oxford Cleric | |
| |
| |
| Student Letters | |
| |
| |
| A Wandering Scholar, "In the Tavern Let Me Die." | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Jews in the Middle Ages: Albert of Aix-la-Chapelle, Massacre of the Jews of Mainz | |
| |
| |
| A Decree by Pope Innocent III | |
| |
| |
| The Libel of Ritual Murder | |
| |
| |
| Philip II Augustus, Expulsion of the Jews from France | |
| |
| |
| Maimonides, Jewish Learning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Troubadour Love Songs: Love as Joyous, Painful, and Humorous | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Status of Women in Medieval Society: Jacopone da Todi, Praise of the Virgin Mary, "O Thou Mother, Fount of Love" | |
| |
| |
| Christine de Pisan, the City of Ladies | |
| |
| |
| A Merchant of Paris, On Love and Marriage | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sexual Nonconformity: Satan's Lures: Robert of Flamborough, Prohibition of Sexual Sins | |
| |
| |
| Peter Damian, Condemnation of Homosexuality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Medieval Contributions to the Tradition of Liberty: John of Salisbury, Policraticus, a Defense of Tyrannicide | |
| |
| |
| Magna Carta | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Fourteenth Century: An Age of Adversity: Jean de Venette, the Black Death | |
| |
| |
| Sir John Froissart, the Peasant Revolt of 1381 | |
| |
| |
| John Wycliffe, Concerning the Pope's Power | |
| |
| |
| Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay, Exterminating the Cathars | |
| |
| |
| Marsilius of Padua, Attack on the Worldly Power of the Church | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Medieval World-View: Lothario dei Segni (Pope Innocent III), On the Misery of the Human Condition | |
| |
| |
| The Vanity of This World | |
| |
| |
| Dante Alighieri, the Divine Comedy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early Modern Europe | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Renaissance | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Humanists' Fascination with Antiquity: Petrarch, the Father of Humanism | |
| |
| |
| Leonardo Bruni, Study of Greek Literature and a Humanist Educational Program | |
| |
| |
| Petrus Paulus Vergerius, the Importance of Liberal Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Human Dignity: Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man | |
| |
| |
| |
| Break with Medieval Political Theory: Niccol? Machiavelli, the Prince | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Ideal Gentleman: Baldassare Castiglione, the Book of the Courtier | |
| |
| |
| |
| Renaissance Art and Science: Leonardo da Vinci, Observation and Mathematical Perspective | |
| |
| |
| Leonardo on His Own Genius | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Spread of the Renaissance: Fran?ois Rabelais, Celebration of the Worldly Life | |
| |
| |
| William Shakespeare, Human Nature and the Human Condition | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Reformation | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Catholic Critic of the Church: Desiderius Erasmus, in Praise of Folly | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Lutheran Reformation: Martin Luther, On Papal Power, Justification by Faith, the Interpretation of the Bible, and the Nature of the Clergy | |
| |
| |
| Ulrich von Hutten, Resentment of Rome | |
| |
| |
| |
| The German Peasants' Revolt: Anonymous, to the Assembly of the Common Peasantry | |
| |
| |
| Martin Luther, Against the Peasants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Luther and the Jews: Martin Luther, On the Jews and Their Lies | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Calvinist Reformation: John Calvin, the Institutes of the Christian Religion | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Catholic Response to Protestantism: Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent | |
| |
| |
| |
| Religious Persecution: Chronicle of King Francis I, Burning of Protestants in Paris | |
| |
| |
| The Persecution of Anabaptists: the Examination of Elizabeth Dirks | |
| |
| |
| Menno Simons, An Anabaptist Rejection of the Use of Force | |
| |
| |
| |
| Early Modern Society and Politics | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Age of Exploration and Conquest: Bernal D?az del Castillo, the Discovery and Conquest of Mexico | |
| |
| |
| |
| Spanish Oppression of Amerindians: Juan Lopez de Palacios Rubios, Justifying Spanish Domination of Amerindians | |
| |
| |
| Bartolom? de las Casas, the Tears of the Indians | |
| |
| |
| |
| Toward the Modern Economy: the Example of Holland: William Carr, the Dutch East India Company | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Jews of Spain and Portugal: Expulsion, Forced Conversion, Inquisition: Proceedings of the Spanish Inquisition: the Torture of Elvira del Campo | |
| |
| |
| Dami?o de Gois, the Forced Conversion of Portuguese Jews | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Atlantic Slave Trade: Seventeenth-Century Slave Traders, Buying and Transporting Africans | |
| |
| |
| Malachy Postlethwayt, Slavery Defended | |
| |
| |
| John Wesley, Thoughts Upon Slavery | |
| |
| |
| Olaudah Equiano, Memoirs of a Former Slave | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Witch Craze: Jakob Sprenger and Heinrich Kr?mer, the Hammer of Witches | |
| |
| |
| Johannes Junius, a Confession of Witchcraft Explained | |
| |
| |
| Nicholas Malebranche, Search After Truth | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Court of Louis XIV: Duc de Saint-Simon, An Assessment of Louis XIV | |
| |
| |
| Liselotte von der Pfalz (Elizabeth Charlotte d'Orleans), a Sketch of Court Life | |
| |
| |
| |
| Justification of Absolute Monarchy by Divine Right: Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Secular Defense of Absolutism: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Triumph of Constitutional Monarchy in England: the Glorious Revolution: the English Declaration of Rights | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Scientific Revolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Copernican Revolution: Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres | |
| |
| |
| Cardinal Bellarmine, Attack on the Copernican Theory | |
| |
| |
| |
| Galileo: Confirming the Copernican System: Galileo Galilei, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina and Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems--Ptolemaic and Copernican | |
| |
| |
| Galileo Before the Inquisition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Prophet of Modern Science: Francis Bacon, Attack on Authority and Advocacy of Experimental Science | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Circulation of the Blood: Validating the Empirical Method: William Harvey, the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Autonomy of the Mind: Ren? Descartes, Discourse on Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Mechanical Universe: Isaac Newton, Principia Mathematica | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Enlightenment | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Enlightenment Outlook: Immanuel Kant, What is Enlightenment? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Political Liberty: John Locke, Second Treatise on Government | |
| |
| |
| Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence | |
| |
| |
| |
| Attack on Religion: Voltaire, a Plea for Tolerance and Reason | |
| |
| |
| Thomas Paine, the Age of Reason | |
| |
| |
| Baron d'Holbach, Good Sense | |
| |
| |
| |
| Epistemology and Education: John Locke, Essay Concerning Human Understanding | |
| |
| |
| Claude Helv?tius, Essays on the Mind and a Treatise on Man | |
| |
| |
| |
| Compendium of Knowledge: Denis Diderot, Encyclopedia | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rousseau: Political Reform: Jean Jacques Rousseau, the Social Contract | |
| |
| |
| |
| Humanitarianism: Caesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments | |
| |
| |
| John Howard, Prisons in England and Wales | |
| |
| |
| Denis Diderot, Encyclopedia "Men and Their Liberty are Not Objects of Commerce?" | |
| |
| |
| Marquis de Condorcet, the Evils of Slavery | |
| |
| |
| |
| Literature as Satire: Critiques of European Society: Voltaire, Candide | |
| |
| |
| Denis Diderot, Supplement to the Voyage of Bougainville | |
| |
| |
| Montesquieu, the Persian Letters | |
| |
| |
| |
| On the Progress of Humanity: Marquis de Condorcet, Progress of the Human Mind | |