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| Near Eastern Civilizations | |
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| Foundation Epics | |
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| The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Sumerian Heroic Age | |
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| The Quest of Gilgamesh: �who is most splendid among the heroes?� | |
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| The Epic of the Flood: The Babylonian Noah | |
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| Hebrew Bible: Earliest Relations Between Humans and God | |
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| Early Society, Justice and Moral Order | |
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| The Shamash Hymns: Moral Religion and Social Justice | |
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| The Laws of Hammurabi: �To further the welfare of the people.� | |
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| The Instruction of Ptah-hotep: Early Material Values in Egypt | |
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| Social and Work Life | |
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| Work Songs from Ancient Egypt: Voices of Ordinary Men and Women | |
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| School Days in Sumer: �all the fine points of the scribal art.� | |
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| Divine Worship, Kingship and Nation | |
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| Unas Pyramid Incantations: The Afterlife of a Pharaoh | |
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| Hymn to the Aton: Religious Reform and Monotheism | |
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| God and the Early Hebrews | |
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| The Patriarchs | |
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| Bondage and Deliverance; C The Sinai Covenant | |
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| The People Demand a King: �To govern us like all the nations� | |
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| The United Kingdom of Israel: �A great name, like the name of the great ones of the earth� | |
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| Jeremiah: Prophet of the New Covenant | |
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| War and International Diplomacy | |
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| Amarna Letters: a Brotherhood of Kings | |
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| An Egyptian-Hittite Treaty: Imperialism and International Diplomacy | |
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| Sea Peoples� Inscriptions: Egypt and Its Neighbors Under Ramses III | |
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| Ramses III Issuing Equipment to His Troops for the Campaign Against the Sea Peoples | |
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| Ramses III on the March to Zahi Against the Sea Peoples | |
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| Ramses III in Battle with the Land Forces of the Sea Peoples | |
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| Prism of Sennacherib: An Assyrian King�s Wars | |
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| Persia: the Last Ancient Near Eastern Empire | |
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| A Conquering Messiah: Cyrus the Great and the Persian Empire | |
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| Cyrus� Cylinder: The Chosen of Marduk | |
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| Cyrus as the Messiah: Return of the Jews and the Rebuilding of Jerusalem | |
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| GREEK CIVILIZATION: ANCIENT GREECE | |
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| Foundation Stories: Gods, Heroes and the Individual | |
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| Homer: The Greek Heroic Age | |
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| Hesiod: Changing Times and the Moral Order | |
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| Early Greek Lyric Poetry: Individualism Emergent | |
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| Sappho | |
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| Theognis | |
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| Pindar�s Odes to Athletic Victors: The Heroic Ideal | |
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| Archaic Greek City-States, Colonization and Tyranny | |
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| Herodotus: The Foundation of Cyrene in Libya | |
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| Lycurgus: The Spartan Military Machine | |
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| Solon: Economic and Political Reforms at Athens | |
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| Pisistratus: The Rise of Tyranny at Athens | |
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| War and Peace in the Classical Age | |
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| Herodotus: Greece Saved from Persian Conquest | |
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| Pericles� Funeral Oration: An Idealized View of | |
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| Democracy and Its Empire | |
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| The Old Oligarch: A Critical View of Athenian Democracy and Its Empire | |
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| Thucydides, History: The Statesman�s Handbook | |
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| The Revolt of Mitylene: �Democracy is incapable of empire� | |
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| The Corcyrean Revolution: The Psychology of Civil War | |
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| The Melian Dialogue: �The strong do what they can and the weak submit� | |
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| The Sicilian Expedition: �Most glorious to the victors, most calamitous to the conquered.� | |
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| Society, Culture and Intellectual Life | |
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| Lysias, The Murder of Eratosthenes: An Athenian Woman�s Life: �...I began to trust her....� | |
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| Euripides, Medea: Greek Tragic Vision of Women and the City | |
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| Socrates: Philosophy Shifts from Nature to Man | |
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| The Socratic Method: �The unexamined life is not worth living� | |
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| Aristophanes, Clouds: Socrates as Troublemaker: �You will now believe in no god but those we believe in...� | |
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| The Apology of Socrates: �I am that gadfly which God has attached to the state.� | |
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| Plato: �Turning the eye of the soul toward the light� | |
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| The Theory of Ideas: The Allegory of the Cave | |
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| The Spiritual Life: Dualism of Body and Soul | |
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| Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics: �The philosophy of human affairs� | |
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| The Subject of the Nicomachean Ethics: �The good for man� | |
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| The Definition of Happiness | |
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| Intellectual and Moral Virtue | |
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| Aristotle, Politics: �A state exists for the sake of the good life� | |
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| Nature, Origin, and Purpose of the State | |
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| Good and Bad Constitutions | |
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| The Ideal State: Its True Object | |
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| The Ideal State: Education | |
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| The Practicable State: The Best Constitution | |
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| The Practicable State: Causes of Revolution | |
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| The Practicable State: Preserving Constitutions | |
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| Late Classical Greece | |
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| Demosthenes Versus Isocrates: �Nationalism� Versus �Internationalism� | |
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| Demosthenes, First Philippic: �Athenians, when will you act as becomes you!� | |
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| Isocrates, Address to Philip: �A champion powerful in action.� | |
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| Hellenistic Civilization | |
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| From Warrior Kings to Divine Rulers | |
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| Arrian, History of Alexander the Great: Conqueror and Reformer: �We are free men, and they are slaves�.� | |
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| Demetrius: A God Among Men | |
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| Plutarch, Life of Demetrius | |
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| Athenaeus, The Learned Banquet: Ithylphallic Hymn in Honor of Demetrius | |
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| Euhemerus of Messene, Sacred History: How Men Became Gods | |
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| Hellenistic Rulers and Their Subjects | |
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| Antigonus the One-Eyed and Scepsis: �that Antigonus may receive honours worthy of his achievements�� | |
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| Letter of Antigonus to Scepsis | |
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| Scepsis� Response to Antigonus� Letter | |
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| Athenaeus, The Learned Banquet: Hellenistic Pomp and Circumstance: �What monarchy � has ever been so rich in gold?� | |
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| Hellenistic Culture, Economy and Thought | |
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| Rosetta Stone Inscription: �Ptolemy the everliving, beloved of Ptah.� | |
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| Papyri on Greek and Non-Greek Interactions: �I do not know how to speak Greek.� | |
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| Oil Monopoly of Ptolemy II Philadelphus: Toward a Command Economy: ��exact payment from them�.� | |
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| Hellenistic Philosophy: Greek Thought in a Wider World | |
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| The Cynic Counterculture: �may I consider the universe my house� | |
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| Stoics and their Worldview: �the wise man does all things well.� | |
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| Hellenistic Science: Archimedes | |
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| The Limits of Hellenism | |
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| Polybius, Histories: Rome and the Hellenistic Kings: �he drew a circle round Antiochus�.� | |
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| First and Second Maccabees: Jewish Responses to Hellenization | |
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| First Maccabees: Jewish Welcome Roman Power: �they were very strong �� | |
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| Second Maccabees: �The altar was covered with abominable offerings�.� | |
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| Plutarch, The Life of Antony: The Portrait of Queen Cleopatra: �� putting her greatest confidence in herself �.� | |
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| The Roman Republic | |
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| Traditions on Early Rome | |
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| Livy: The Early Romans: �The kind of lives our ancestors lived� | |
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| Preface: �The greatest nation in the world� | |
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| The Rape of Lucretia: Monarchy Abolished | |
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| Horatius at the Bridge: �A noble piece of work.� | |
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| Rome as a Rising Power | |
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| Livy: The Foreign Policy of the Roman Republic: �One people in the world which would fight for others� liberties.� | |
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| Polybius: The Constitution of the Roman Republic: �it is impossible to find a better.� | |
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| Cato the Elder: Traditional Standards in a New Age | |
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| Pseudo-Cicero: How to Get Elected to Public Office in Rome: �You must take pains to solicit the votes of all these men �.� | |
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| Crises and Transformations | |
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| Tiberius Gracchus: The Republic at the Crossroads | |
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| Gaius Gracchus: The Republic at the Crossroads, Continued | |
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| The Social War: Rome�s Italian Allies in Revolt: �they considered it no longer tolerable.� | |
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| The Revolt of Spartacus: The Dangers of a Slave Society: �� the slaves leaped and began to fight�.� | |
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| The Conspiracy of Catiline: The Roman Republic in Decay | |
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| Intellectual Life and Culture | |
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| Lucretius: Epicurean Philosophy at Rome | |
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| Cicero: Advocate of Property Rights, Greek Philosophy, and the Status Quo | |
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| Late Republic and the Rise of Autocracy | |
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| Appian: First Roman Civil War and Proscriptions: �� destruction, death, confiscation, and wholesale extermination.� | |
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| Julius Caesar: The Man and the Statesman: �He doth bestride the narrow world like a colossus.� | |
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| Cicero as Champion of Liberty: The Second Philippic: �An eloquent man who loved his country well.� | |
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| The Roman Empire | |
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| Foundations of the Principate | |
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| Augustus: The Achievements of the Deified Augustus: ��. attained supreme power by universal consent.� | |
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| Augustus� Reconstruction of the Roman World: Contrasting Estimates | |
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| Dio Cassius: The �True Democracy� of the Roman Empire | |
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| Tacitus, Annals: �It was really from a lust for power� | |
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| Vergil, Aeneid: A Roman National Epic: �behold this nation.� | |
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| Romans and Non-Romans in the Pax Romana | |
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| The Pax Romana: Divergent Views | |
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| Tacitus, Histories: �By the prosperity and order of eight hundred years has this fabric of empire been consolidated� | |
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| Tacitus, Agricola: �They create a desert and call it peace� | |
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| Aelius Aristides, Oration on Rome: �How is this form of government not beyond every democracy?� | |
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| Tacitus: The Early Germans | |
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| Claudius� Letter to the Alexandrians: Greeks, Jews and Romans: �a solicitude of very long standing for the city.� | |
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| Rebels Against Rome | |
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| Tacitus, Annals: The Rebellion of Boudicca in Britain: �This is what I, a woman, plan to do!� | |
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| Josephus, History of the Jewish War: Resistance is Futile: �So there is no refuge left except to make God your ally.� | |
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| Pliny�s Correspondence with Trajan: Rome as Benevolent Ruler: �worthy of � the splendor of your reign.� | |
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| Women, Family, and Roman Slave Society | |
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| The Legal Status of Roman Women | |
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| Juvenal, Satires: The Emancipated Women of the Early Empire | |
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| Aspects of Roman Slavery | |
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| Varro, On Agriculture: Setting Up a Slave Plantation: �Slaves should be neither cowed nor high-spirited� | |
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| Columella, On Agriculture: Masters and Slaves: �Their unending toil was lightened by such friendliness �� | |
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| Seneca, Moral Epistle: �...see in him a freeborn man...� | |
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| Petronius, Satyricon: Banquet of Trimalchio, Ex-Slave and Self-Made Millionaire | |
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| Philosophy and Religion | |
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| Marcus Aurelius, Meditations: �Either atoms or Providence.� | |
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| Apuleius, Golden Ass: The Cult of Isis and Religious Syncretism | |
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| Early Christianity and Late Antiquity | |
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| Christian Origins | |
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| The New Testament: The Beginnings of Christianity | |
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| The Teachings of Jesus: �Turn away from your sins! The Kingdom of heaven is near!� | |
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| John the Baptist and the Sermon on the Mount | |
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| Parables of the Kingdom | |
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| Jesus� Instructions to His Disciples | |
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| The Work of Paul: �Jews and Gentiles...are all one in union with Christ Jesus.� | |
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| Paul�s Mission: Failure at Athens, Success at Corinth | |
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| Paul�s Epistles to Christian Communities | |
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| Christianity and Its Reception in the Roman World | |
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| Christianity and Greco-Roman Thought: �Whatever has been uttered aright by any men in any place belongs to us Christians� | |
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| Justin Martyr, Apology: �Those who lived according to reason are Christians� | |
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| Tatian, Address to the Greeks: �do not resolve your gods and myths into allegories� | |
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| Tertullian, Against Heretics: �What is there in common between Athens and Jerusalem?� | |
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| Christians and Their Persecutors: �Amid the ruins of a falling age, our spirit remains erect� | |
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| Pliny, Letters on Christians: Trajan�s Enlightened Policy | |
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| Martyrdom of Polycarp of Smyrna: �I am a Christian� | |
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| Tertullian, Apology: A Christian View of the Persecutions | |
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| A New Roman Empire | |
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| The Reforms of Diocletian: �...by whose virtue and foreseeing care all is being reshaped for the better� | |
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| Administrative Reorganization: �This man...overturned the Roman Empire� | |
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| Edict of Maximum Prices: Fighting Inflation in the Late Roman Empire | |
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| Diocletian�s Edict of Persecution Against Christians: �There are profane persons here....� | |
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| Lactantius, On the Deaths of the Persecutors: �This man � overturned the Roman Empire.� | |
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| Eusebius of Caesarea, Life of the Emperor Constantine: �Serving God � with his every action.� | |
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| Athanasius, Life of Anthony: Ascetic as Holy Man and Celebrity: ��they saw that even demons feared Antony.� | |
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| John Chrysostom, On the Priesthood: Ascetic as Bishop: �� the exceeding sanctity of this office �.� | |
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| The Theodosian Code: Legislating a Christian Roman Empire | |
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| New Crises and �Fall of the Roman Empire.� | |
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| Jerome, Letter: Lament on Rome: �The world sinks into ruin �.� | |
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| Augustine, City of God: The Unimportance of the Earthly City: �The fire which makes gold shine makes chaff smoke.� | |
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| Augustine, Confessions: �How did I burn to fly from earthly things to You.� | |
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| Salvian of Marseille, On the Governance of God: �Where or in whom are evils so great, except among the Romans?� | |