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| What is a Research Paper? | |
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| How to Use This Guide | |
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| Overview: What is a Research Paper | |
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| Learning, Thinking, and Research Papers | |
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| The Evidence | |
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| Facts | |
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| Inferences | |
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| Judgments | |
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| Evaluating the Evidence | |
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| Sources of Evidence and Types of Research Projects | |
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| Summary | |
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| Where do I Begin? | |
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| The Researcher's Notebook | |
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| Deciding on the Research Question/Assumption That You Are Going to Test | |
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| Formulating Your Research Question/Assumption | |
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| Formulating Your Working Hypothesis/Thesis | |
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| Discovering Assumptions About Your Area of Investigation | |
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| Turning Judgmental Statements Into Inferences | |
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| Defining Your Terms | |
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| Choosing Your Research Strategy--Research Questions | |
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| A Few More Words About Research Projects and Testing | |
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| Studies and Experiments | |
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| A Review or a Review of the Literature Paper | |
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| Critical Papers | |
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| A Research Proposal | |
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| A Final Note | |
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| Planning Ahead: Developing a Work Schedule | |
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| Finding the Evidence | |
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| The Researcher's Stance | |
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| Sources and Resources | |
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| Sources: Where Do I Find What I Need to Know? | |
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| Authoritative Sources | |
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| Resources | |
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| The Research Process | |
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| What to Expect and How to Manage | |
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| Bibliographic "Filing" Systems | |
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| Searching for Potential Sources | |
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| Know Your Database | |
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| Searches by Subject and Keyword | |
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| What Your Search Will Produce | |
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| Locating Print Sources | |
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| Evaluating Online Sources | |
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| Information to Record About Electronic Sources | |
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| Summary | |
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| Reading Critically and Taking Notes | |
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| Reading Actively and Critically: An Overview | |
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| Previewing Your Sources | |
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| Determining the Quality of Your Sources | |
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| Deciding What to Read First | |
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| Coping With Difficult Material | |
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| Reading to Understand What an Author Is Doing and Saying | |
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| Questions to Ask About What an Author Is Doing | |
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| Questions To Ask About What An Author Is Saying | |
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| Writing To Comprehend What You Are Reading | |
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| Critiquing Your Sources | |
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| Keeping Track of Sources | |
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| Creating Files and a Cataloging System | |
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| Creating a Working Bibliography | |
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| Writing Summaries (with a Few Words about Annotated Bibliographies) | |
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| Recording Specific Pieces of Information | |
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| Facts or Data | |
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| Specifics about the Author's Views | |
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| Dealing with Material an Author Has Taken from Other Sources | |
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| Summary | |
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| Writing Your Paper | |
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| The Writing Process: An Overview | |
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| Writing for Readers | |
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| Working from Whole to Part | |
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| Maps of the Territory | |
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| Writing an Abstract: Your First Rough Draft | |
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| Reviewing Your Evidence | |
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| A Report on a Study or Experiment | |
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| General Format | |
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| The First Section: Introduction, review of the Literature, Statement of the Hypothesis | |
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| The Second Section: A Description of Your Study, Including Data and Methodology | |
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| The Third Section: Results, Discussion, Conclusions | |
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| Appendixes and Reference List | |
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| The Abstract | |
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| General Guidelines For Writing the Report | |
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| A Review or a Review of the Literature Paper | |
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| A Critical Paper | |
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| Developing Your Thesis Statement | |
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| Writing An Abstract of Your Paper: your Fist Draft | |
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| Creating a Map of the Territory | |
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| Drafting and Revising | |
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| May I Use The First Person in My Paper? | |
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| And Other Issues Related to Style | |
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| Summary | |
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| How To And How Not To Incorporate Your Evidence Into Your Paper | |
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| If You Don't Use and Acknowledge Your Sources Properly, You May End Up Plagiarizing | |
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| What Plagiarism Is | |
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| Common Sources of Unintentional Plagiarism | |
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| Using and Acknowledging Your Sources Properly | |
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| Use What You Need Where You Need It--And Document What you Have Used | |
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| Using Discrete Pieces of Information | |
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| Summarizing the Work of Others | |
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| Experts Openly Acknowledge Their Sources In The Body of Their Papers, So Should You | |
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| Summarizing The Work and Ideas of Another Expert: How Experienced Writers Do It | |
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| Using Direct Quotations Properly | |
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| Polishing Your Final Draft | |
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| Copyediting and Proofreading: Some Strategies | |
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| Copyediting and Proofreading: Issues to Consider | |
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| The Format of the Paper | |
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| Documenting Your Sources: The Basics | |
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| Choosing a Documentation Style | |
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| Understanding Documentation Systems and Styles | |
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| The Two Basic Premises of Documentation | |
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| Basic Systems and Styles of Documentation | |
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| Systems of Documentation | |
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| Numbers | |
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| In- text or Parenthetical Citations | |
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| Styles of Documentation | |
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| What You Need To Know About Style Guides and Manuals | |
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| What you Need to Know About Authors | |
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| Authors | |
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| Titles | |
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| Documenting Parts of Books | |
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| Documenting Books | |
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| Documenting Periodicals | |
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| Documenting Material Downloaded from Computers | |
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| Documenting Other Types of Sources | |
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| When It's Time to Document Sources in a Paper | |
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| The Steps to Take | |
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| Putting Together Your Final List | |
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| Some General Comments on In-text pr Parenthetical Citations | |
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| Some General Comments About Explanatory Notes | |
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| The MLA Style | |
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| How the MLA Style Works | |
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| Parenthetical Citations | |
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| The Basic Form | |
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| Placement of Citations | |
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| Variations of the Best Form | |
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| Forms for Sources on the List of Works Cited | |
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| Books | |
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| Part of a Book, Including Reference Works | |
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| Articles from Journals and Magazines | |
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| Articles from Newspapers | |
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| Web Sites and other Electronic Sources | |
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| Other Types of Sources | |
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| The Final List of Works Cited, including a Sample | |
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| CMS Notes and Bibliography Style | |
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| How the CMS Notes and Bibliography Style Works | |
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| Notes | |
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| Basic Information About Notes | |
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| First and Subsequent Notes | |
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| Forms for Subsequent Notes | |
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| Forms for Sources in First Notes and Bibliography | |
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| Differences between First Notes and the Bibliography Entry | |
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| Books | |
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| Part of a Book, Including Reference Works | |
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| Articles from Journals and Magazines | |
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| Articles from Newspapers | |
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| Web Sites and other Electronic Sources | |
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| The Final Bibliography, Including a Sample | |
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| The APA Style | |
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| How the APA Style Works | |
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| In-Text Reference Citations | |
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| The Basic Form | |
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| Variations of the Basic Form | |
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| Forms for Sources on the Reference List | |
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| Books | |
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| Part of a Book, Including Reference Works | |
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| Articles From Journals and Magazines Articles From Newspapers | |
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| Web Sites and Other Electronic Sources | |
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| The Final Reference List, Including a Sample | |
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| Scientific Styles: The CMS Author-Date Style and Two Systems in CSE Style | |
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| A General Introduction | |
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| The CMS Author-Date Style | |
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| How the CMS Author-Date Style Works | |
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| Text Citations | |
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| Basic Form | |
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| Variations of the Basic Form | |
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| Forms for Sources on the Reference List | |
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| Books | |
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| Part of a Book, Including Reference Works | |
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| Articles from Journals and Magazines | |
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| Web Sites and Other Electronic Sources | |
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| The Final Reference List, including a Sample | |
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| CSE Systems: Name-Year and Citation- Sequence | |
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| How the CSE Systems Work | |
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| In-text Citations | |
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| The Name-Year System | |
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| Basic Form | |
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| Variations of the Basic Form | |
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| The Citation-Sequence System | |
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| Forms of Sources on the Reference List | |
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| Books | |
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| Part of a Book, Including Reference Work | |
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| Articles from Journals and Magazine | |
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| Articles from Newspapers | |
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| Web Sites and Other Electronic Sources | |
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| The Final Reference List, Including Samples for Both Systems | |
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| Interviews | |
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| Determining What You Need | |
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| Preparing for the Interview | |
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| Educating Yourself about the Subject Matter of the Interview | |
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| Preparing an Interview Script | |
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| Pilot Testing the Interview | |
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| Contacting Potential Interviewees | |
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| The Interview Itself | |
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| Writing Up the Interview | |
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| Sample Student Papers | |
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| "Willa Cather: Challenging the Canon." MLA Style | |
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| Elizabeth Cookson | |
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| "The Forgotten Woman: British Nurses, VADs, and Doctors Across the Channel During Word War I."CMS Notes and Bibliography Style | |
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| Nicholas Joyce | |
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| "A Paradigm of Social Sorting Rituals: Differences Between Leaders and Outcasts." ALA Style | |
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| Mary Bricker | |
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| "An Investigation of Human Diving: How DO the AMA Avoid Decompression Sickness?" CSE Name-Year Style | |