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| Informal Logic | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions | |
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| Recognizing Arguments | |
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| Deduction and Induction | |
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| Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency | |
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| Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity | |
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| Extended Arguments | |
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| Summary | |
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| Eminent Logicians: Aristotle | |
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| Eminent Logicians: Chrysippus | |
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| Language: Meaning and Definition | |
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| Varieties of Meaning | |
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| The Intension and Extension of Terms | |
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| Definitions and Their Purposes | |
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| Definitional Techniques | |
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| Criteria for Lexical Definitions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Eminent Logicians: Abelard | |
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| Informal Fallacies | |
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| Fallacies in General | |
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| Fallacies of Relevance | |
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| Fallacies of Weak Induction | |
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| Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, and Grammatical Analogy | |
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| Fallacies in Ordinary Language | |
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| Summary | |
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| Eminent Logicians: Ockham | |
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| Formal Logic | |
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| Categorical Propositions | |
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| The Components of Categorical Propositions | |
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| Quality, Quantity, and Distribution | |
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| Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square of Opposition | |
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| Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition | |
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| The Traditional Square of Opposition | |
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| Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint | |
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| Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form | |
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| Summary | |
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| Eminent Logicians: Boole | |
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| Categorical Syllogisms | |
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| Standard Form, Mood, and Figure | |
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| Venn Diagrams | |
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| Rules and Fallacies | |
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| Reducing the Number of Terms | |
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| Ordinary Language Arguments | |
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| Enthymemes | |
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| Sorites | |
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| Summary | |
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| Eminent Logicians: Venn | |
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| Propositional Logic | |
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| Symbols and Translation | |
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| Truth Functions | |
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| Truth Tables for Propositions | |
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| Truth Tables for Arguments | |
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| Indirect Truth Tables | |
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| Argument Forms and Fallacies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Eminent Logicians: Leibniz | |
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| Eminent Logicians: De Morgan | |
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| Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic | |
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| Rules of Implication I | |
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| Rules of Implication II | |
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| Rules of Replacement I | |
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| Rules of Replacement II | |
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| Conditional Proof | |
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| Indirect Proof | |
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| Proving Logical Truths | |
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| Summary | |
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| Eminent Logicians: Frege | |
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| Predicate Logic | |
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| Symbols and Translation | |
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| Using the Rules of Inference | |
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| Change of Quantifier Rule | |
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| Conditional and Indirect Proof | |
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| Proving Invalidity | |
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| Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers | |
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| Identity | |
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| Summary | |
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| Eminent Logicians: Whitehead / Russell | |
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| Eminent Logicians: G�del | |
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| Inductive Logic | |
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| Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning | |
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| Analogical Reasoning | |
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| Legal Reasoning | |
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| Moral Reasoning | |
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| Summary | |
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| Causality and Mill's Methods | |
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| "Cause" and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions | |
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| Mill's Five Methods | |
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| Mill's Methods and Science | |
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| Summary | |
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| Eminent Logicians: Mill | |
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| Probability | |
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| Theories of Probability | |
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| The Probability Calculus | |
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| Summary | |
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| Statistical Reasoning | |
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| Evaluating Statistics | |
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| Samples | |
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| The Meaning of "Average" | |
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| Dispersion | |
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| Graphs and Pictograms | |
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| Percentages | |
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| Summary | |
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| Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning | |
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| The Hypothetical Method | |
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| Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples from Science | |
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| The Proof of Hypotheses | |
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| The Tentative Acceptance of Hypotheses | |
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| Summary | |
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| Eminent Logicians: Peirce | |
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| Science and Superstition | |
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| Distinguishing Between Science and Superstition | |
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| Evidentiary Support | |
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| Objectivity | |
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| Integrity | |
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| Concluding Remarks | |
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| Summary | |
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| Appendix: Logic and Graduate-Level Admissions Tests | |
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| Answers to Selected Exercises | |
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| Glossary/Index | |