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New World Beginnings, 33,000 B.C.-A.D. 1769 | |
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The Native Americans: Visualizing the New World (1506-1510) | |
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Juan Gin?s de Sep?lveda Belittles the Indians (1547) | |
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Bartolem? de Las Casas Defends the Indians (1552) | |
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Hernando de Soto Encounters t he Indians of the Southeast (1539-1542) | |
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The Spanish in America: Hern?n Cort?s Conquers Mexico (1519-1526) | |
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Aztec Chroniclers Describe the Spanish Conquest of Mexico (1519) | |
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Francisco Coronado Explores the American Southwest (1541) | |
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Don Juan de O?ate Conquers New Mexico (1599) | |
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The African Slave Trade: The Conscience of a Slave Trader (1694) | |
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Mungo Park Describes Slavers in the African Interior (c. 1790) | |
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A Slave is Taken to Barbados (c. 1750) | |
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New Worlds for the Taking: John Cabot Voyages for England (1497) | |
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Richard Hakluyt Calls for an Empire (1582) | |
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An English Landlord Describes a Troubled England (1623) | |
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Hakluyt Sees England's Salvation in America (1584) | |
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The Planting of English America, 1500-1733 | |
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England on the Eve of Empire: A Commission Investigates Enclosures (1517) | |
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Thomas More Deplores the All-Consuming Sheep (1516) | |
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Midland Peasants Revolt (1607-1608) | |
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The Puritans Set Sail (1629) | |
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Precarious Beginnings in Virginia: The Starving Time (1609) | |
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Governor William Berkeley Reports (1671) | |
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The Mix of Cultures in English America | |
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The Great Indian Uprising (1622) | |
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A West Indian Planter Reflects on Slavery in Barbados (1673) | |
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A Missionary Denounces the Treatment of the Indians in South Carolina (1708) | |
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Settling the Northern Colonies, 1619-1700 | |
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The Planting of Plymouth: The Pilgrims Leave Holland (1620) | |
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Framing the Mayflower Compact (1620) | |
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Abandoning Communism at Plymouth (1623) | |
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Conformity in the Bay Colony: John Cotton Describes New England's "Theocracy" (1636) | |
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Anne Hutchinson Is Banished (1637) | |
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John Winthrop's Concept of Liberty (1645) | |
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Puritan Mistreatment of Quakers (1660) | |
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The Rule of Biblical Law: The Blue Laws of Connecticut (1672) | |
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A Defense of Buying Indian Land (1722) | |
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Indian-White Relations in Colonial New England: Three Views of King Philip's War: Mary Rowlandson Is Captured by Indians (1675) | |
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Plymouth Officials Justify the War (1675) | |
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A Rhode Island Quaker Sympathizes with the Indians (1675) | |
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The Polyglot Middle Colonies: Dutch Travelers View New York (1679) | |
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Early Settlers in Pennsylvania (1682) | |
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American Life in the Seventeenth Century, 1607-1692 | |
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Indentured Servants in the Chesapeake Region: A Contract for Indentured Service (1635) | |
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A Londoner Agrees to Provide a Servant (1654) | |
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A Servant Describes His Fate (c. 1680) | |
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A Servant Girl Pays the Wages of Sin (1656) | |
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An Unruly Servant is Punished (1679) | |
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Bacon's Rebellion and Its Aftermath: Nathaniel Bacon Proclaims His Principles (1676) | |
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The Governor Upholds the Law (1676) | |
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Slavery is Justified (1757) | |
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Slavery in the Colonial Era: A Young African Boy is Taken into Slavery (c. 1735) | |
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A Jesuit Priest Instructs on the Treatment of Slaves (1711) | |
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A Minister Describes Plantation Labor in Jamaica (1823) | |
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An Englishman Reflects on the Prospect of Insurrection in the Caribbean (1657) | |
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The Stono River Rebellion in South Carolina (1739) | |
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Life Among New England's Puritans: Cotton Mather on the Education of His Children (1706) | |
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The Salem Witchcraft Hysteria (1692) | |
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Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution, 1700-1775 | |
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The Colonial Melting Pot: An Anglican Bishop Explains the Ulster Scots Migration (1728) | |
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Benjamin Franklin Analyzes the Population (1751) | |
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Gottlieb Mittelberger Voyages to Pennsylvania (c. 1750) | |
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Michel-Guillaume Jean de Cr?vecoeur Discovers a New Man (c. 1770) | |
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The Growth of the Colonial Population (1740-1780) | |
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The Great Awakening: George Whitefield Fascinates Franklin (1739) | |
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Jonathan Edwards Paints the Horrors of Hell (1741) | |
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The Colonial Economy: Colonial Trade and the British Empire (1701-1770) | |
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British Colonial Exports (1768-1772) | |
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A Traveler Views the Mistakes of New England Farmers (1775) | |
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The Shoots of Democracy: The Epochal Zenger Trial (1735) | |
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Cr?vecoeur Finds a Perfect Society (c. 1770) | |
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The Duel for North America, 1608-1763 | |
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The Development of New France: Father Isaac Jogues Endures Tortures (1642) | |
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A Swede Depicts the Indian Trade (1749) | |
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The French and Indian War: Benjamin Franklin Characterizes General Edward Braddock (1755) | |
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A Frenchman Reports Braddock's Defeat (1755) | |
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Francis Parkman Analyzes the Conflict (1884) | |
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Pontiac's Rebellion and Its Aftermath: Sir William Johnson Describes the Indians' Grievances (1763) | |
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Pontiac Rallies His Warriors (1763) | |
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The Proclamation of 1763 | |
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Johnson Sketches a Possible Peace (1764) | |
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A New Restlessness: William Burke Makes a Fateful Prediction (1760) | |
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Benjamin Franklin Dismisses Burke's Fears (1760) | |
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Andrew Burnaby Scoffs at Colonial Unity (1760) | |
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A Lawyer Denounces Search Warrants (1761) | |
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The Road to Revolution, 1763-1775 | |
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The Burden of Mercantilism: Virginia Resents Restrictions (1671) | |
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Adam Smith's Balance Sheet (1776) | |
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The Tempest over Taxation: Benjamin Franklin Testifies Against the Stamp Act (1766) | |
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Philadelphia Threatens Tea Men (1773) | |
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Connecticut Decries the Boston Port Act (1774) | |
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Britain at the Crossroads: Edmund Burke Urges Conciliation (1775) | |
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Adam Smith Criticizes Empire (1776) | |
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Samuel Johnson Urges the Iron Fist (1775) | |
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Two Views of the British Empire (1767, 1775) | |
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Loyalists Versus Patriots: Daniel Leonard Deplores Rebellion (1775) | |
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Patrick Henry Demands Boldness (1775) | |
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New Yorkers Abuse Tories (1775) | |
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The Clash of Arms: Conflicting Versions of the Outbreak (1775) | |
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Pennsylvania Prepares for War (1775) | |
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Why an Old Soldier Fought (1898) | |
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America Secedes from the Empire, 1775-1783 | |
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General Washington in Command: Washington Scorns Independence (1775) | |
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The Unreliable Militia (1776) | |
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Washington Retreats from New York (1776) | |
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William Barton Describes Frontier Warfare (1779) | |
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Cornwallis Surrenders (1781) | |
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The Formal Break with Britain: Thomas Paine Talks Common Sense (1776) | |
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Richard Henry Lee's Resolution of Independence (1776) | |
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Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence (1776) | |
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The Abortive Slave Trade Indictment (1776) | |
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Voices of Dissent: Lord Chatham Assails the War (1777) | |
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Tories Fear French Catholics (1779) | |
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African-Americans in the Revolutionary War: Dunmore Promises to Free the Slaves (1775) | |
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John Page Appeals to Slaves (1775) | |
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An American Officer Reports on Gwynne's Island (1776) | |
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A Hessian Describes Army "Baggage" (1781) | |
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Boston King Recalls His Service (1798) | |
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Jehu Grant Petitions for a Pension (1836) | |
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A Civil War Within a Civil War: Vengeance on the Tories (1779) | |
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The Hanging of a Loyalist (c. 1778) | |
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Revolutionary Diplomacy: John Adams Contemplates a Model Treaty (1776) | |
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Silas Deane Works to Convince France (1776) | |
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S?gur Recalls the Arrival of Franklin and the Departure of Lafayette (1824) | |
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The Confederation and the Constitution, 1776-1790 | |
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The Shock of Shays's Rebellion: Daniel Gray Explains the Shaysites' Grievances (1786) | |
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George Washington Expresses Alarm (1786) | |
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Thomas Jefferson Favors Rebellion (1787) | |
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Clashes in the Philadelphia Convention: The Debate on Representation in Congress (1787) | |
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The Argument over Slave Importations (1787) | |
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First Reactions to the Constitution: A Philadelphia Editor Is Expectant (1787) | |
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Alexander Hamilton Scans the Future (1787) | |
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George Mason Is Critical (1787) | |
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Jefferson Is Unenthusiastic (1787) | |
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The Ratification Debate in Massachusetts: A Delegate Fears for the Little People (1788) | |
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A Storekeeper Blasts Standing Armies (1788) | |
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A Farmer Favors the Constitution (1788) | |
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The Ratification Debate in New York: An Anti-Federalist Demands Deliberation (1787) | |
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James Madison Defends the New Constitution (1787) | |
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Two Revolutions: Siey?s Champions the Third Estate (1789) | |
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The French Declare the Rights of Man (1789) | |
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Malouet Compares America to France (1789) | |
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Lafayette Writes to Washington (1790) | |
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The "September Massacres" (1792) | |
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Jefferson Reflects on the Path of Revolutions (1823) | |
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Launching the New Ship of State, 1789-1800 | |
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Conflict in the Infant Republic: The Senate Snubs George Washington (1789) | |
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Alexander Hamilton Versus Thomas Jefferson on Popular Rule (1780s-1820s) | |
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The Clash over States' Rights (1780s-1820s) | |
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The Spectrum of Disagreement (1780s-1820s) | |
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State Debts and the National Bank: Jefferson Duped (?) by Hamilton (1790) | |
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Hamilton Defends Assumption (1792) | |
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Jefferson Versus Hamilton on the Bank (1791) | |
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Overawing the Whiskey Boys: Hamilton Upholds Law Enforcement (1794) | |
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Jefferson Deplores Undue Force (1794) | |
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The Birth of a Neutrality Policy: The French Revolution: Conflicting Views (1790s) | |
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A Jeffersonian Condemns Neutrality (1793) | |
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The Controversial Jay Treaty: Virginians Oppose John Jay's Appointment (1794) | |
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Hamilton Attacks Jay's Attackers (1795) | |
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The Retirement of Washington: A President Bids Farewell (1796) | |
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Editor Benjamin Franklin Bache Berates Washington (1797) | |
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The Alien and Sedition Hysteria: Timothy Pickering Upholds the Repressive Laws (1798) | |
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The Virginia Legislature Protests (1798) | |
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Rhode Island Rebuffs Virginia's Plea (1799) | |
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The Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian Republic, 1800-1812 | |
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The Three-Fifths Clause Gives Jefferson a Dubious Victory: A Federalist Cries Foul (1800) | |
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The Centinal Declares Adams the Victor (1800) | |
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The Connecticut Courant Rejects Jefferson as a Man "of the People" (1801) | |
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John Marshall and the Supreme Court: Marshall Sanctions the Bank (1819) | |
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A Maryland Editor Dissents (1819) | |
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Marshall Asserts the Supremacy of the Constitution (1803) | |
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The Louisiana Purchase: Napoleon Decides to Dispose of Louisiana (1803) | |
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Thomas Jefferson Alerts Robert Livingston (1802) | |
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Jefferson Stretches the Constitution to Buy Louisiana (1803) | |
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Representative Roger Griswold Is Unhappy (1803) | |
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Senator John Breckinridge Supports the Purchase (1803) | |
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Lewis and Clark Meet a Grizzly (1805) | |
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A Spanish Official Warns of American Expansion (1804) | |
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Louisiana Keeps Its Civil Law (1808) | |
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The Issue of Sailors' Rights: A Briton (James Stephen) Recommends Firmness (1805) | |
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A Briton (Basil Hall) Urges Discretion (1804) | |
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The Resort to Economic Coercion: A Federalist (Philip Barton Key) Attacks the Embargo (1808) | |
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A Jeffersonian (W. B. Giles) Upholds the Embargo (1808) | |
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The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism, 1812-1824 | |
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The Cauldron of War: Tecumseh Challenges William Henry Harrison (1810) | |
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Representative Felix Grundy Demands War (1811) | |
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Causes of the War (1812, 1813) | |
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President James Madison's Fateful War Message (1812) | |
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Federalist Congressmen Protest (1812) | |
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The London Times Bemoans Peace (1814) | |
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Disloyalty in New England: A Boston Paper Obstructs the War (1813) | |
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The Hartford Convention Fulminates (1814) | |
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John Quincy Adams Reproaches the Hartfordites (1815) | |
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The Missouri Statehood Controversy: Representative John Taylor Reviles Slavery (1819) | |
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Representative Charles Pinckney Upholds Slavery (1820) | |
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A Connecticut Antislavery Outcry (1820) | |
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Launching the Monroe Doctrine: Henry Clay Champions the Latin American Revolutions (1818) | |
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John Quincy Adams Is Skeptical (1821) | |
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Thomas Jefferson Turns Pro-British (1823) | |
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John Quincy Adams Rejects a Joint Declaration (1823) | |
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James Monroe Warns the European Powers (1823) | |
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Prince Metternich Is Miffed (1824) | |
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A Columbian Newspaper Applauds Monroe's Doctrine (1824) | |
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A Columbian Minister Requests Firmer Commitments (1824) | |
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The Rise of a Mass Democracy, 1824-1840 | |
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Background of the New Democracy: A Disgusting Spirit of Equality (1807) | |
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A Plea for Nonproperty Suffrage (1841) | |
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Davy Crockett Advises Politicians (1836) | |
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America Inspires a British Reformer (1820) | |
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America Appalls a British Observer (1832) | |
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The New Spirit of Enterprise in Jacksonian America: Justice Joseph Story Defends the Rights of Contract (1837) | |
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Chief Justice Roger B. Taney Supports "Creative Destruction" (1837) | |
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The Debate on Internal Improvements: Jackson Vetoes the Maysville Road Bill (1830) | |
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Clay Protests (1830) | |
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The Nullification Crisis: Senator Robert Hayne Advocates Nullification (1830) | |
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Daniel Webster Pleads for the Union (1830) | |
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South Carolina Threatens Secession (1832) | |
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Andrew Jackson Denounces Nullification (1832) | |
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Jackson Fumes in Private (1832) | |
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The War on the Bank: Jackson Vetoes the Bank Recharter (1832) | |
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A Boston Journal Attacks Jackson (1832) | |
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Cartooning the Banking Crisis (1833, 1837) | |
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Transplanting the Tribes: Jackson Endorses the Indian Removal (1829) | |
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Theodore Frelinghuysen Champions Justice (1830) | |
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John Ross Protests Removal (1836) | |
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The Emergence of Mass Political Parties: James Fenimore Cooper Castigates Parties (1838) | |
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Alexis de Tocqueville Defends Parties (1830s) | |
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Forging the National Economy, 1790-1860 | |
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The Spread of the Factory: Wage Slavery in New England (1832) | |
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The Abuse of Female Workers (1836) | |
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A Factory Girl Describes Her Treatment (1844) | |
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"Slavers" for New England Girls (1846) | |
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Disaster in a Massachusetts Mill (1860) | |
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The Flocking of the Immigrants: An English Radical Praises America (1818) | |
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The Coming of the Irish (1836) | |
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The Burning of a Convent School (1834) | |
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A Southerner Defends the Catholics (1854) | |
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Mounting Labor Unrest: A One-Sided Labor Contract (c. 1832) | |
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Agitation for the Ten-Hour Day (1835) | |
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The Tailor's Strike in New York (1836) | |
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Chattel Slavery Versus Wage Slavery (1840) | |
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Regulations at the Lowell Mills (1830s) | |
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The Transportation Revolution: The First "Fire Canoe" in the West (1811) | |
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The Impact of the Erie Canal (1853) | |
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Railroads Link East and West (1849) | |
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America and the World Economy: Joseph Whitworth Praises American Manufacturing (1853) | |
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United States Balance of Trade (1820-1860) | |
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Composition of United States Exports (1820-1850) | |
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Destination of United States Exports (1819-1858) | |
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Origin of United States Imports (1821-1858) | |
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The Ferment of Reform and Culture, 1790-1860 | |
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Religious Ferment: A Catholic Views Camp Meetings (c. 1801) | |
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An Englishwoman Attends a Revival (1832) | |
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Joseph Smith Has a Vision (1820) | |
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Social and Humanitarian Reformers: William Ellery Channing Preaches Reformism (c. 1831) | |
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Dorothea Dix Succors the Insane (1843) | |
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T.S. Arthur's Ten Nights in a Barroom (1854) | |
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The Changing Role of Women: The Seneca Falls Manifesto (1848) | |
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New Yorkers Ridicule Feminists (1856) | |
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Lucy Stone Protests Traditional Marriage (1855) | |
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Orestes Brownson Explores the Woman Question (1869) | |
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The Beecher Sisters Defend the Home (1869) | |
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Transcendentalism and Earthly Utopias: Ralph Waldo Emerson Chides the Reformers (1844) | |
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The "Paradise" at Brook Farm (c. 1846) | |
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Henry David Thoreau Praises Spiritual Wealth (1854) | |
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Emersonisms and Thoreauisms | |
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Three Views of the Indians: Alexis de Tocqueville Predicts the Indians' Future (1835) | |
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George Catlin Dreams of a National Park to Preserve the Indian Way of Life (1832) | |
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John James Audubon Is Pessimistic About the Indians' Fate (1843) | |
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The South and the Slavery Controversy, 1793-1860 | |
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The Face of Slavery: A Slave Boy Learns a Lesson (c. 1827) | |
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A Former Slave Exposes Slavery (1850) | |
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Human Cattle for Sale (c. 1850) | |
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Cohabitation in the Cabins (c. 1834) | |
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From Slavery to Freedom (1835) | |
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A Slave Woman's Tale (1930s) | |
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The Sundering of Families (1874) | |
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The White Southern View of Slavery: Haiti Declares Independence (1804) | |
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Albert Gallatin Warns of a Slave Revolt (1799) | |
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The "Blessings" of the Slave (1849) | |
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Comparing Slave Labor and Wage Labor (1850) | |
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| |
William A. Smith Expounds on the Benefits of Slavery (1856) | |
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| |
George Fitzhugh Defends Wage Slavery (1857) | |
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| |
The Abolitionist Crusade: William Lloyd Garrison Launches The Liberator (1831) | |
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Manifesto of the Anti-Slavery Society (1833) | |
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British Abolitionists Protest Colonization (1833) | |
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Theodore Dwight Weld Pillories Slavery (1839) | |
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Slavery and the Family (1840) | |
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Judgments on the Abolitionists: Daniel Webster Is Critical (1850) | |
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Abraham Lincoln Appraises Abolitionism (1854) | |
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The Abolitionists Provoke War (1882) | |
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The Rising White Southern Temper: Hinton Helper's Banned Book (1857) | |
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The South Condemns Helperites (1859) | |
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James Hammond Proclaims Cotton King (1858) | |
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Manifest Destiny and its Legacy, 1841-1848 | |
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The Debate over Oregon: Senator George McDuffie Belittles Oregon (1843) | |
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Senator Edward Hannegan Demands 54? 40' (1846) | |
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Two Pioneers Describe Oregon (1847) | |
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A British View of the Oregon Controversy (1846) | |
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Provoking War with Mexico: Charles Sumner Assails the Texas Grab (1847) | |
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President James Polk Justifies the Texas Coup (1845) | |
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The Cabinet Debates War (1846) | |
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A Mexican Diplomat Blames America for War (1846) | |
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The President Blames Mexico (1846) | |
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Opposition to the War: Massachusetts Voices Condemnation (1847) | |
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Abolitionists Libel General Zachary Taylor (1848) | |
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Peace with Mexico: Polk Submits the Trist Treaty (1848) | |
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A Whig Journal Accepts the Pact (1848) | |
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Democrats Hail a Glorious Achievement (1848) | |
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A Mexican Official Decries the Treaty (1848) | |
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Mexico Remembers the Despoilers (1935) | |
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Renewing the Sectional Struggle, 1848-1854 | |
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The Wilmot Proviso Issue: David Wilmot Appeals for Free Soil (1847) | |
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Southerners Threaten Secession (1849) | |
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The Compromise Debates of 1850: John Calhoun Demands Southern Rights (1850) | |
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Daniel Webster Urges Concessions (1850) | |
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Free-Soilers Denounce Webster (1850) | |
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Reactions to the Fugitive Slave Law: Joshua Giddings Rejects Slave Catching (1850) | |
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Robert Rhett Resents a Hoax (1851) | |
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The South Threatens Retaliation (1855) | |
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The Debate over the Kansas-Nebraska Bill: Stephen Douglas's Popular-Sovereignty Plea (1854) | |
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Salmon Chase Upholds Free Soil (1854) | |
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Northwestern Support for Douglas (1854) | |
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The South Is Lukewarm (1854) | |
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America Ventures Abroad in the Age of Slavery: The Ostend Manifesto (1854) | |
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Mocking the Manifesto (1854) | |
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Putnam's Monthly Chastises William Walker (1857) | |
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Walker Defends Filibustering (1860) | |
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Daniel Webster Sends Caleb Cushing to China (1843) | |
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The Narrative of Commodore Perry's Expedition to Japan (1856) | |
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Japanese Leaders Debate the Proper Response to Commodore Perry (1853) | |
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Drifting Toward Disunion, 1854-1861 | |
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The Impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin: Tom Defies Simon Legree (1852) | |
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The South Scorns Mrs. Stowe (1852) | |
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Mrs. Stowe Inflames the Southern Imagination (1853) | |
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The London Times Demurs (1852) | |
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Bleeding Kansas and "Bully" Brooks: Charles Sumner Assails the Slavocracy (1856) | |
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The South Justifies Yankee-Beaters (1856) | |
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The Delicate Balance (1856) | |
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The Dred Scott Decision: The Pro-Southern Court Speaks (1857) | |
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A Virginia Newspaper Gloats (1857) | |
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The North Breathes Defiance (1857) | |
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The Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Stephen Douglas Opposes Black Citizenship (1858) | |
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Abraham Lincoln Denies Black Equality (1858) | |
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John Brown at Harpers Ferry: The Richmond Enquirer Is Outraged (1859) | |
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John Brown Delivers His Final Address (1859) | |
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Governor J.A. Wise Refuses Clemency (1859) | |
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Horace Greeley Hails a Martyr (1859) | |
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Lincoln Disowns Brown (1860) | |
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The Presidential Campaign of 1860: Fire-Eaters Urge Secession (1860) | |
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The North Resents Threats (1860) | |
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Girding for War: The North and the South, 1861-1865 | |
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Lincoln and the Secession Crisis: A Marylander Rejects Disunion (1861) | |
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Fort Sumter Inflames the North (1861) | |
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Fort Sumter Inspirits the South (1861) | |
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Framing a New Government: Alexander Hamilton Stephens's Cornerstone Speech (1861) | |
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The New York Times Dissents (1861) | |
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British Involvement: The London Times Breathes Easier (1862) | |
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Britons Hail Democracy's Collapse (1862) | |
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Southern Resentment Against England (1862) | |
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A Northerner Lambastes Britain (1863) | |
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Graft and Shortages North and South: Shoddy Wool in Yankeeland (1861-1865) | |
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Chiselers in the South (1862-1863) | |
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The Pinch of the Blockade (1861-1865) | |
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Civil Liberties North and South: Clement Vallandigham Flays Despotism (1863) | |
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William Brownlow Scolds the Secessionists (1861) | |
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A North Carolinian Is Defiant (1863) | |
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Abraham Lincoln Defines the Purposes of the War: The War to Preserve the Union (1863) | |
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The War to End Slavery (1865) | |
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The Furnace of Civil War, 1861-1865 | |
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Northern War Aims: Congress Voices Its Views (1861) | |
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Abolitionists View the War (1863) | |
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Abraham Lincoln Answers Horace Greeley's Prayer (1862) | |
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"A Colored Man" Reflects on the War (1863) | |
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Lincoln and His Generals: George McClellan Snubs the President (1861) | |
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McClellan Upbraids His Superior (1862) | |
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Lincoln Warns General Joseph Hooker (1863) | |
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The Proclaiming of Emancipation: Lincoln Expresses Misgivings (1862) | |
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Jefferson Davis Deplores Emancipation (1863) | |
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Border States Are Alarmed (1862) | |
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Racist Anxieties (1864) | |
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Lincoln Defends His Decision (1863) | |
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The Emancipation Proclamation in England: Blackwood's Blasts Servile War (1862) | |
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English Working Classes Cheer (1863) | |
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The Uncivil War: A Report from Antietam (1862) | |
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A Union Nurse Cares for the Gettysburg Wounded (1863) | |
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The Hell of Andersonville Prison (1864) | |
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A Southern Woman Describes the Hardship of War (1862) | |
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General William T. Sherman Dooms Atlanta (1864) | |
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Georgia Damns the Yankees (1864) | |
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General Ulysses S. Grant Displays Generosity (1865) | |
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Lincoln's Reelection and Assassination: The South Bemoans Lincoln's Election (1864) | |
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Davis Deplores Lincoln's Murder (1881) | |
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The British Press Recants (1865) | |
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A Kentucky Editor Laments (1865) | |
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African Americans in the Civil War: An Abolitionist Officer Commands Black Troops (1869) | |
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The Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment Marches South (1863) | |
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Cornelia Hancock Describes a Contraband Hospital (1863) | |
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A Black Corporal Demands Equal Pay (1864) | |
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A Black Private Complains of Mistreatment (1864) | |
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The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 | |
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The Status of the South: Black Leaders Express Their View (1865) | |
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Carl Schurz Reports Southern Defiance (1865) | |
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General Ulysses S. Grant Is Optimistic (1865) | |
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The Former Slaves Confront Freedom (1901) | |
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Emancipation Violence in Texas (c. 1865) | |
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The Debate on Reconstruction Policy: Southern Blacks Ask for Help (1865) | |
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The White South Asks for Unconditional Reintegration into the Union (1866) | |
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The Radical Republicans Take a Hard Line (1866) | |
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President Andrew Johnson Tries to Restrain Congress (1867) | |
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The Controversy over the Fifteenth Amendment (1866, 1870) | |
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Impeaching the President: Johnson's Cleveland Speech (1866) | |
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Senator Lyman Trumbull Defends Johnson (1868) | |
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"Black Reconstruction": Thaddeus Stevens Demands Black Suffrage (1867) | |
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Black and White Legislatures (c. 1876) | |
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W. E. B. Du Bois Justifies Black Legislators (1910) | |
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Benjamin Tillman's Antiblack Tirade (1907) | |
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The Ku Klux Klan's Reign of Terror: Alfred Richardson Testifies about Reconstruction-Era Georgia (1871) | |
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Maria Carter Describes an Encounter with the Klan (1871) | |
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Henry Lowther Falls Victim to the Klan (1871) | |
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The Legacy of Reconstruction: Editor E. L. Godkin Grieves (1871) | |
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Frederick Douglass Complains (1882) | |
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Booker T. Washington Reflects (1901) | |
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Constitution of the United States | |
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Index | |