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Preface | |
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Acknowledgments | |
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Introduction | |
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Analytic and Continental Styles of Philosophizing | |
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The Love of Wisdom | |
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Religion, Science, and Philosophy | |
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What Is Philosophy? | |
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Philosophy as Wondrous Distress | |
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Myth, Science, Philosophy, and the Presocratics | |
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Mythic Thinking | |
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Presocratic Thinking | |
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The Milesian School: Thales and Anaximander | |
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Heraclitus | |
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Parmenides and the Eleatic School | |
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The Atomist School: Democritus and Leucippus | |
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From Mere Wonder to Wondrous Distress | |
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Socrates | |
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The Difficulty of Perspective | |
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Plato's Socrates | |
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The Influence of Anaxagoras | |
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Socrates' Inward Turn | |
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The Socratic Method | |
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The Trial of Socrates | |
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Xenophon's Socrates | |
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Aristophanes' Socrates | |
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The Wondrous Distress of Socrates | |
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Plato | |
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Plato's Divergence from Socrates | |
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The Divided Line | |
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The Myth of the Cave | |
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Plato's Perfect Republic | |
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Plato and Art | |
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Wonder and Distress in Platonic Thinking | |
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Aristotle | |
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Aristotle's Break with Plato | |
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Aristotle and the Nature of Change | |
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The Four Causes | |
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Aristotle's Logic | |
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The First Mover | |
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Rationality, Emotion, and the Golden Mean | |
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Aristotle's Philosophy of Art | |
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Aristotle and Wondrous Distress | |
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The Hellenistic Philosophers | |
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The Decline of Greek Power and Hellenistic Negativity | |
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Cynicism | |
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Stoicism | |
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Epicureanism | |
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Skepticism | |
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Suicide and Hellenistic Philosophy | |
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Wonder and Distress in Hellenistic Philosophy | |
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Medieval Philosophy | |
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The Patriarch Abraham and the Convenant with God | |
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Jesus | |
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Muhammad | |
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St. Augustine | |
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The Question of Evil | |
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Islamic Contributions to Early Medieval Thought | |
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Al-Kindi and Neoplatonism | |
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Al-Farabi | |
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Avicenna | |
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Averroes | |
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Christian a Priori and a Posteriori Arguments for God's Existence | |
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St. Anselm | |
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The Ontological Argument | |
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Criticisms of the Ontological Argument | |
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St. Thomas Aquinas | |
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The Five Arguments for God's Existence | |
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Criticisms of Aquinas' Five Arguments | |
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Wondrous Distress in Medieval Thought | |
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Ren� Descartes and the Transition from Medieval to Modern Thinking | |
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The Conflict between Science and Religion in the Early Modern Period | |
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Modern Developments in Astronomy | |
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The Geocentric Model of the Universe | |
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The Heliocentric Model of the Universe | |
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Ren� Descartes | |
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The Cartesian Method | |
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Meditations on First Philosophy | |
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Descartes and Wondrous Distress | |
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Hume | |
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The Mind/Body Problem | |
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"Solutions" to the Mind/Body Problem | |
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Thomas Hobbes and Materialism | |
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George Berkeley and Idealism | |
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Arnold Geulincx, Nicholas Malebranche, and Occasionalism | |
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Gottfried Leibniz, Baruch Spinoza, and Monism | |
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David Hume and the Empiricist Rejection of Cartesian Metaphysics | |
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John Locke | |
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The Good-Natured Hume | |
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An Inquiry concerning Human Understanding | |
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Impressions, Simple Ideas, and Complex Ideas | |
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Relations of Ideas and Matters of Fact | |
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The Ideas of God and the Self | |
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Hume's Skeptical Empiricism | |
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An Inquiry concerning the Principles of Morals | |
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Utility | |
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Hume and Wondrous Distress | |
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Kant's Transcendental Idealism | |
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Totalizers versus Critics | |
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The Awakening of Kant | |
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The Critique of Pure Reason | |
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The Phenomenal and Noumenal Worlds | |
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The a Priori Intuitions of Time and Space | |
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The Categories of the Understanding | |
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Transcendental Idealism and the Impossibility of Metaphysics | |
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The Regulative Function of Transcendental Ideas | |
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The Critique of Practical Reason | |
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The Good Will | |
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Hypothetical versus Categorical Imperative | |
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The Critique of Judgment | |
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Beauty | |
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Sublimity | |
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Kant's Wondrous Distress | |
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Hegel and the Manifestations of Geist | |
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The Difficulty of Hegel's Philosophy | |
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Hegel's Vision of Unity | |
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The Phenomenology of Spirit | |
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Lordship and Bondage | |
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Stoicism, Skepticism, and the Unhappy Consciousness | |
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Dialectical Logic | |
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The Abstract Side | |
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The Dialectical Side | |
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The Speculative Side | |
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Absolute Knowing | |
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The Doctrine of Being | |
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God | |
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Hegel's Influence | |
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Right, Center, and Left Hegelianism | |
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Ludwig Feuerbach | |
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Max Stimer | |
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Karl Marx | |
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Wondrous Distress in Hegelian Philosophy | |
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Happiness, Suffering, and Pessimism in Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and Mill | |
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S�ren Kierkegaard: The Knight of Faith | |
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The Sickness Unto Death | |
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Fear and Trembling | |
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Schopenhauer's Synthesis of Plato, Kant, and Hinduism | |
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Piercing the Veil of the Thing-in-Itself | |
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The Will | |
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Anxiety, Suffering, and Distress | |
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Friedrich Nietzsche and Positive Nihilism | |
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The Will to Power | |
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The Superman and the Death of God | |
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Beyond Good and Evil: Nietzsche contra Utilitarianism | |
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The Greatest Happiness Principle | |
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Wonder and Distress in Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and Mill | |
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Common Sense and Anglo-American Philosophy | |
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The Reaction against Hegel | |
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William James | |
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Pragmatism | |
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The Tender- and the Tough-Minded | |
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The Pragmatic Method | |
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The Pragmatic Theory of Truth | |
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Religion | |
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Bertrand Russell | |
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Russell's Rejection of Hegel | |
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Logical Atomism | |
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Epistemology | |
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Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description | |
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The Role of Philosophy | |
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Ludwig Wittgenstein | |
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Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus | |
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Philosophical Investigations | |
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Wondrous Distress in Anglo-American Philosophy | |
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Existentialism and the Return to Being | |
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Nationalism, Imperialism, Technology, and War | |
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Nihilism and the Decline of Civilization | |
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Friedrich Nietzsche | |
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Oswald Spengler | |
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Totalitarianism | |
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The Muselmann | |
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Martin Heidegger | |
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The Question of Being | |
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Dasein | |
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Being-toward-Death | |
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Inauthenticity and Technological Thinking | |
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Authenticity | |
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Heidegger and Nazism | |
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Jean-Paul Sartre | |
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Being-in-Itself and Being-for-Itself | |
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Freedom and Bad Faith | |
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Simone de Beauvoir | |
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The Second Sex | |
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Otherness | |
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Women and Biology | |
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Wondrous Distress in Existentialism | |
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Conclusion: Philosophy and Wondrous Distress | |
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Glossary | |
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Bibliography | |
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Index | |