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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Do You Mean, "Statistics"? | |
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| Clue to the future | |
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| What's in It for Me? | |
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| Some Terminology | |
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| Problems and Answers | |
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| Scales of Measurement | |
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| Statistics and Experimental Design | |
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| Experimental Design Variables | |
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| Statistics and Philosophy | |
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| Statistics: Then and Now | |
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| Helpful Features of This Book | |
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| Concluding Thoughts for This Introductory Chapter | |
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| Additional Help for Chapter 1 | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Transition passage to descriptive statistics | |
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| Frequency Distributions and Graphs | |
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| Simple Frequency Distributions | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Grouped Frequency Distributions | |
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| Graphs of Frequency Distributions | |
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| Describing Distributions | |
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| The Line Graph | |
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| More on Graphics | |
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| A Moment to Reflect | |
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| Additional Help for Chapter 2 | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Central Tendency and Variability | |
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| Measures of Central Tendency | |
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| Finding Central Tendency of Simple Frequency Distributions | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Error detection | |
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| When to Use the Mean, Median, and Mode | |
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| Determining Skewness from the Mean and Median | |
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| The Weighted Mean | |
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| Variability | |
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| The Range | |
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| Interquartile Range | |
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| The Standard Deviation | |
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| The Standard Deviation as a Descriptive Index of Variabiiity | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Error detection | |
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| S as an Estimate of [sigma] | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Clue to the future | |
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| The Variance | |
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| Clue to the future | |
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| Estimating Answers | |
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| Additional Help for Chapter 3 | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Other Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Using z Scores to Describe Individuals | |
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| Clue to the future | |
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| Boxplots | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Effect Size Index | |
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| The Descriptive Statistics Report | |
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| Additional Help for Chapter 4 | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Transition passage to bivariate distributions | |
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| Correlation and Regression | |
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| Bivariate Distributions | |
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| Positive Correlation | |
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| Negative Correlation | |
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| Zero Correlation | |
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| Clue to the future | |
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| The Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Clue to the future | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Scatterplots | |
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| Interpretations of r | |
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| Uses of r | |
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| Strong Relationships but Low Correlations | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Other Kinds of Correlation Coefficients | |
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| Linear Regression | |
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| Making Predictions from a Linear Equation | |
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| The Regression Equation-A Line of Best Fit | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Additional Help for Chapter 5 | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| What Would You Recommend? Chapters 1-5 | |
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| Transition passage to inferential statistics | |
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| Theoretical Distributions Including the Normal Distribution | |
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| Probability | |
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| A Rectangular Distribution | |
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| Clue to the future | |
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| A Binomial Distribution | |
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| Comparison of Theoretical and Empirical Distributions | |
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| The Normal Distribution | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Clue to the future | |
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| Comparison of Theoretical and Empirical Answers | |
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| Other Theoretical Distributions | |
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| Additional Help for Chapter 6 | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Samples, Sampling Distributions, and Confidence Intervals | |
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| Random Samples | |
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| Biased Samples | |
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| Research Samples | |
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| Sampling Distributions | |
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| Clue to the future | |
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| The Sampling Distribution of the Mean | |
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| Central Limit Theorem | |
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| Constructing a Sampling Distribution When [sigma] Is Not Available | |
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| The t Distribution | |
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| Confidence Interval about a Sample Mean | |
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| Clue to the future | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Categories of Inferential Statistics | |
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| Additional Help for Chapter 7 | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Transition passage to hypothesis testing | |
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| Hypothesis Testing and Effect Size: One-Sample Designs | |
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| The Logic of Null Hypothesis Statistical Testing (NHST) | |
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| Clue to the future | |
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| Using the t Distribution for Null Hypothesis Statistical Testing | |
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| A Problem and the Accepted Solution | |
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| The One-Sample t Test | |
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| An Analysis of Possible Mistakes | |
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| The Meaning of p in p < .05 | |
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| One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests | |
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| Effect Size Index | |
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| Other Sampling Distributions | |
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| Using the t Distribution to Test the Significance of a Correlation Coefficient | |
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| Clue to the future | |
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| Why .05? | |
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| Additional Help for Chapter 8 | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Hypothesis Testing, Effect Size, and Confidence Intervals: Two-Sample Designs | |
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| A Short Lesson on How to Design an Experiment | |
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| NHST: The Two-Sample Example | |
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| Degrees of Freedom | |
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| Paired-Samples Designs and Independent-Samples Designs | |
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| Clue to the future | |
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| The t Test for Independent-Samples Designs | |
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| Clue to the future | |
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| The t Test for Paired-Samples Designs | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Significant Results and Important Results | |
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| Effect Size Index | |
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| Establishing a Confidence Interval about a Mean Difference | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Reaching Correct Conclusions | |
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| Statistical Power | |
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| Additional Help for Chapter 9 | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| What Would You Recommend? Chapters 6-9 | |
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| Transition passage to more complex designs | |
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| Analysis of Variance: One-Way Classification | |
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| Rationale of ANOVA | |
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| More New Terms | |
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| Clue to the future | |
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| Sums of Squares | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Mean Squares and Degrees of Freedom | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Calculation and Interpretation of F Values Using the F Distribution | |
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| Schedules of Reinforcement-A Lesson in Persistence | |
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| Comparisons among Means | |
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| Assumptions of the Analysis of Variance | |
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| Effect Size Index | |
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| Additional Help for Chapter 10 | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Analysis of Variance: One-Factor Repeated Measures | |
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| A Data Set | |
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| One-Factor Repeated-Measures ANOVA: The Rationale | |
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| An Example Problem | |
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| Tukey HSD Tests | |
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| Type I and Type II Errors | |
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| Some Behind-the-Scenes Information about Repeated-Measures ANOVA | |
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| Additional Help for Chapter 11 | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Analysis of Variance: Factorial Design | |
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| Factorial Design | |
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| Main Effects and Interaction | |
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| Clue to the future | |
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| A Simple Example of a Factorial Design | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Analysis of a 2 X 3 Design | |
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| Comparing Levels within a Factor-Tukey HSD Tests | |
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| Effect Size Indexes for Factorial ANOVA | |
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| Restrictions and Limitations | |
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| Additional Help for Chapter 12 | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Transition passage to nonparametric statistics | |
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| CHI Square Tests | |
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| Error detection | |
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| The Chi Square Distribution and the Chi Square Test | |
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| Chi Square as a Test of Independence | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Shortcut for Any 2 X 2 Table | |
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| Effect Size Index for 2 X 2 Chi Square Data | |
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| Chi Square as a Test for Goodness of Fit | |
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| Chi Square with More Than One Degree of Freedom | |
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| Small Expected Frequencies | |
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| When You May Use Chi Square | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Additional Help for Chapter 13 | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| More Nonparametric Tests | |
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| The Rationale of Nonparametric Tests | |
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| Comparison of Nonparametric to Parametric Tests | |
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| Clue to the future | |
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| The Mann-Whitney U Test | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Error detection | |
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| Error detection | |
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| The Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks T Test | |
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| The Wilcoxon-Wilcox Multiple-Comparisons Test | |
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| Correlation of Ranked Data | |
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| Error detection | |
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| My Final Word | |
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| Additional Help for Chapter 14 | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| What Would You Recommend? Chapters 10-14 | |
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| Choosing Tests and Writing Interpretations | |
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| A Review | |
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| Future Steps | |
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| Choosing Tests and Writing Interpretations | |
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| Additional Help for Chapter 15 | |
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| Key Terms | |
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| Appendixes | |
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| Arithmetic and Algebra Review | |
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| Grouped Frequency Distributions and Central Tendency | |
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| Tables | |
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| Glossary of Words | |
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| Glossary of Symbols | |
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| Glossary of Formulas | |
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| Answers to Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |