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Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering | |
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What is Materials Science and Engineering? | |
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Classification of Materials | |
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Functional Classification of Materials | |
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Classification of Materials Based on Structure | |
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Environmental and Other Effects | |
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Materials Design and Selection | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Atomic Structure | |
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The Structure of Materials: Technological Relevance | |
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The Structure of the Atom | |
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The Electronic Structure of the Atom | |
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The Periodic Table | |
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Atomic Bonding | |
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Binding Energy and Interatomic Spacing | |
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The Many Forms of Carbon | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Atomic and Ionic Arrangements | |
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Short-Range Order versus Long-Range Order | |
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Amorphous Materials | |
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Lattice, Basis, Unit Cells, and Crystal Structures | |
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Allotropic or Polymorphic Transformations | |
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Points, Directions, and Planes in the Unit Cell | |
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Interstitial Sites | |
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Crystal Structures of Ionic Materials | |
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Covalent Structures | |
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Diffraction Techniques for Crystal Structure Analysis | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Imperfections in the Atomic and Ionic Arrangements | |
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Point Defects | |
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Other Point Defects | |
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Dislocations | |
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Significance of Dislocations | |
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Schmidt's Law | |
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Influence of Crystal Structure | |
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Surface Defects | |
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Importance of Defects | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Atom And Ion Movements in Materials | |
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Applications of Diffusion | |
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Stability of Atoms and Ions | |
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Mechanisms for Diffusion | |
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Activation Energy for Diffusion | |
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Rate of Diffusion (Fick's First Law) | |
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Factors Affecting Diffusion | |
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Permeability of Polymers | |
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Composition Profile (Fick's Second Law) | |
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Diffusion and Materials Processing | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Mechanical Properties: Part One: Technological Significance | |
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Terminology for Mechanical Properties | |
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The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress-Strain Diagram | |
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Properties Obtained from the Tensile Test | |
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True Stress and True Strain | |
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The Bend Test for Brittle Materials | |
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Hardness of Materials | |
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Nanoindentation | |
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Strain Rate Effects and Impact Behavior | |
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Properties Obtained from the Impact Test | |
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Bulk Metallic Glasses and Their Mechanical Behavior | |
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Mechanical Behavior at Small Length Scales | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Mechanical Properties: Part Two: Fracture Mechanics | |
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The Importance of Fracture Mechanics | |
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Microstructural Features of Fracture in Metallic Materials | |
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Microstructural Features of Fracture in Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites | |
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Weibull Statistics for Failure Strength Analysis | |
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Fatigue | |
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Results of the Fatigue Test | |
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Application of Fatigue Testing | |
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Creep, Stress Rupture, and Stress Corrosion | |
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Evaluation of Creep Behavior | |
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Use of Creep Data | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Strain Hardening and Annealing | |
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Relationship of Cold Working to the Stress-Strain Curve | |
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Strain-Hardening Mechanisms | |
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Properties versus Percent Cold Work | |
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Microstructure, Texture Strengthening, and Residual Stresses | |
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Characteristics of Cold Working | |
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The Three Stages of Annealing | |
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Control of Annealing | |
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Annealing and Materials Processing | |
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Hot Working | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Principles of Solidification | |
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Technological Significance | |
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Nucleation | |
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Applications of Controlled Nucleation | |
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Growth Mechanisms | |
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Solidification Time and Dendrite Size | |
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Cooling Curves | |
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Cast Structure | |
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Solidification Defects | |
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Casting Processes for Manufacturing Components | |
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Continuous Casting and Ingot Casting | |
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Directional Solidification [DS], Single Crystal Growth, and Epitaxial Growth | |
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Solidification of Polymers and Inorganic Glasses | |
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Joining of Metallic Materials | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium | |
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Phases and the Phase Diagram | |
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Solubility and Solid Solutions | |
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Conditions for Unlimited Solid Solubility | |
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Solid-Solution Strengthening | |
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Isomorphous Phase Diagrams | |
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Relationship Between Properties and the Phase Diagram | |
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Solidification of a Solid-Solution Alloy | |
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Nonequilibrium Solidification and Segregation | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams | |
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Principles and Examples Of Dispersion Strengthening | |
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Intermetallic Compounds | |
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Phase Diagrams Containing Three-Phase Reactions | |
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The Eutectic Phase Diagram | |
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Strength of Eutectic Alloys | |
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Eutectics and Materials Processing | |
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Nonequilibrium Freezing in the Eutectic System | |
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Nanowires and the Eutectic Phase Diagram | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Dispersion Strengthening by Phase Transformations and Heat Treatment | |
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Nucleation and Growth in Solid-State Reactions | |
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Alloys Strengthened by Exceeding the Solubility Limit | |
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Age or Precipitation Hardening | |
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Applications of Age-Hardened Alloys | |
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Microstructural Evolution in Age or Precipitation Hardening | |
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Effects of Aging Temperature and Time | |
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Requirements for Age Hardening | |
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Use of Age-Hardenable Alloys at High Temperatures | |
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The Eutectoid Reaction | |
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Controlling the Eutectoid Reaction | |
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The Martensitic Reaction and Tempering | |
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The Shape-Memory Alloys (SMAs) | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Heat Treatment of Steels and Cast Irons | |
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Designations and Classification of Steels | |
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Simple Heat Treatments | |
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Isothermal Heat Treatments | |
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Quench and Temper Heat Treatments | |
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Effect of Alloying Elements | |
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Application of Hardenability | |
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Specialty Steels | |
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Surface Treatments | |
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Weldability of Steel | |
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Stainless Steels | |
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Cast Irons | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Nonferrous Alloys | |
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Aluminum Alloys | |
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Magnesium and Beryllium Alloys | |
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Copper Alloys | |
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Nickel and Cobalt Alloys | |
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Titanium Alloys | |
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Refractory and Precious Metals | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Ceramic Materials | |
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Applications of Ceramics | |
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Properties of Ceramics | |
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Synthesis and Processing of Ceramic Powders | |
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Characteristics of Sintered Ceramics | |
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Inorganic Glasses | |
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Glass-Ceramics | |
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Processing and Applications of Clay Products | |
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Refractories | |
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Other Ceramic Materials | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Polymers | |
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Classification of Polymers | |
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Addition and Condensation Polymerization | |
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Degree of Polymerization | |
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Typical Thermoplastics | |
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Structure-Property Relationships in Thermoplastics | |
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Effect of Temperature on Thermoplastics | |
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Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics | |
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Elastomers (Rubbers) | |
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Thermosetting Polymers | |
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Adhesives | |
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Polymer Processing and Recycling | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Composites: Teamwork and Synergy in Materials | |
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Dispersion-Strengthened Composites | |
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Particulate Composites | |
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Fiber-Reinforced Composites | |
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Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composites | |
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Manufacturing Fibers and Composites | |
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Fiber-Reinforced Systems and Applications | |
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Laminar Composite Materials | |
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Examples and Applications of Laminar Composites | |
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Sandwich Structures | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Construction Materials | |
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The Structure of Wood | |
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Moisture Content and Density of Wood | |
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Mechanical Properties of Wood | |
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Expansion and Contraction of Wood | |
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Plywood | |
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Concrete Materials | |
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Properties of Concrete | |
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Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete | |
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Asphalt | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Electronic Materials | |
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Ohm's Law and Electrical Conductivity | |
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Band Structures of Solids | |
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Conductivity of Metals and Alloys | |
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Semiconductors | |
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Applications of Semiconductors | |
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General Overview of Integrated Circuit Processing | |
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Deposition of Thin Films | |
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Conductivity in Other Materials | |
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Insulators and Dielectric Properties | |
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Polarization in Dielectrics | |
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Electrostriction, Piezoelectricity, and Ferroelectricity | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Magnetic Materials | |
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Classification of Magnetic Materials | |
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Magnetic Dipoles and Magnetic Moments | |
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Magnetization, Permeability, and the Magnetic Field | |
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Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetic, Ferrimagnetic, and Superparamagnetic Materials | |
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Domain Structure and the Hysteresis Loop | |
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The Curie Temperature | |
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Applications of Magnetic Materials | |
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Metallic and Ceramic Magnetic Materials | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Photonic Materials | |
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum | |
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Refraction, Reflection, Absorption, and Transmission | |
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Selective Absorption, Transmission, or Reflection | |
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Examples and Use of Emission Phenomena | |
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Fiber-Optic Communication System | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Thermal Properties of Materials | |
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Heat Capacity and Specific Heat | |
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Thermal Expansion | |
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Thermal Conductivity | |
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Thermal Shock | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Corrosion and Wear | |
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Chemical Corrosion | |
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Electrochemical Corrosion | |
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The Electrode Potential in Electrochemical Cells | |
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The Corrosion Current and Polarization | |
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Types of Electrochemical Corrosion | |
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Protection Against Electrochemical Corrosion | |
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Microbial Degradation and Biodegradable Polymers | |
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Oxidation and Other Gas Reactions | |
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Wear and Erosion | |
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Summary | |
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Glossary | |
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Problems | |
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Selected Physical Properties of Metals | |
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The Atomic and Ionic Radii of Selected Elements | |
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Answers to Selected Problems | |
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Index | |