| |
| |
| |
| Introduction Motivation | |
| |
| |
| Why is Computer Vision Difficult? | |
| |
| |
| Image Representation and Image Analysis Tasks | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Image, its Representations and Properties Image Representations, a Few Concepts | |
| |
| |
| Image Digitization | |
| |
| |
| Sampling | |
| |
| |
| Quantization | |
| |
| |
| Digital Image Properties | |
| |
| |
| Metric and Topological Properties of Digital Images | |
| |
| |
| Histograms | |
| |
| |
| Entropy | |
| |
| |
| Visual Perception of the Image | |
| |
| |
| Image Quality | |
| |
| |
| Noise in Images | |
| |
| |
| Color Images | |
| |
| |
| Physics of Color | |
| |
| |
| Color Perceived by Humans | |
| |
| |
| Color Spaces | |
| |
| |
| Palette Images | |
| |
| |
| Color Constancy | |
| |
| |
| Cameras: An Overview | |
| |
| |
| Photosensitive Sensors | |
| |
| |
| A Monochromatic Camera | |
| |
| |
| A Color Camera | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Image, its Mathematical and Physical Background Overview | |
| |
| |
| Linearity | |
| |
| |
| The Dirac Distribution and Convolution | |
| |
| |
| Linear Integral Transforms | |
| |
| |
| Images as Linear Systems | |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Linear Integral Transforms | |
| |
| |
| 1D Fourier Transform | |
| |
| |
| 2D Fourier Transform | |
| |
| |
| Sampling and the Shannon Constraint | |
| |
| |
| Discrete Cosine Transform | |
| |
| |
| Wavelet Transform | |
| |
| |
| Eigen-Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Singular Value Decomposition | |
| |
| |
| Principle Component Analysis | |
| |
| |
| Other Orthogonal Image Transforms | |
| |
| |
| Images as Stochastic Processes | |
| |
| |
| Image Formation Physics | |
| |
| |
| Images as Radiometric Measurements | |
| |
| |
| Image Capture and Geometric Optics | |
| |
| |
| Lens Aberrations and Radial Distortion | |
| |
| |
| Image Capture from a Radiometric Point of View | |
| |
| |
| Surface Reflectance | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data Structures for Image Analysis Levels of Image Data Representation | |
| |
| |
| Traditional Image Data Structures | |
| |
| |
| Matrices | |
| |
| |
| Chains | |
| |
| |
| Topological Data Structures | |
| |
| |
| Relational Structures | |
| |
| |
| Hierarchical Data Structures | |
| |
| |
| Pyramids | |
| |
| |
| Quadtrees | |
| |
| |
| Other Pyramidal Structures | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Image Pre-Processing Pixel Brightness Transformations | |
| |
| |
| Position-Dependent Brightness Correction | |
| |
| |
| Gray-Scale Transformation | |
| |
| |
| Geometric Transformations | |
| |
| |
| Pixel Co-ordinate Transformations | |
| |
| |
| Brightness Interpolation | |
| |
| |
| Local Pre-Processing | |
| |
| |
| Image Smoothing | |
| |
| |
| Edge Detectors | |
| |
| |
| Zero-Crossings of the Second Derivative | |
| |
| |
| Scale in Image Processing | |
| |
| |
| Canny Edge Detection | |
| |
| |
| Parametric Edge Models | |
| |
| |
| Edges in Multi-Spectral Images | |
| |
| |
| Local Detection by Local Pre-Processing Operators | |
| |
| |
| Detection of Corners (Interest Points) | |
| |
| |
| Detection of Maximally Stable Extremal Regions | |
| |
| |
| Image Restoration | |
| |
| |
| Degradations That are Easy to Restore | |
| |
| |
| Inverse Filtration | |
| |
| |
| Wiener Filtration | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Segmentation I Thresholding | |
| |
| |
| Threshold Detection Methods | |
| |
| |
| Optimal Thresholding | |
| |
| |
| Multi-Spectral Thresholding | |
| |
| |
| Edge Based Segmentation | |
| |
| |
| Edge Image Thresholding | |
| |
| |
| Edge Relaxation | |
| |
| |
| Border Tracing | |
| |
| |
| Border Detection as graph Searching | |
| |
| |
| Border Detection as Dynamic Programming | |
| |
| |
| Hough Transforms | |
| |
| |
| Border Detection Using Border Location Information | |
| |
| |
| Region Construction from Borders | |
| |
| |
| Region Based Segmentation | |
| |
| |
| Region Merging | |
| |
| |
| Region Splitting | |
| |
| |
| Splitting and Merging | |
| |
| |
| Watershed Segmentation | |
| |
| |
| Region Growing Post-Processing | |
| |
| |
| Matching | |
| |
| |
| Matching Criteria | |
| |
| |
| Control Strategies of Matching | |
| |
| |
| Evaluation Issues in Segmentation | |
| |
| |
| Supervised Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Unsupervised Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Segmentation II Mean Shift Segmentation | |
| |
| |
| Active Contour Models ? Snakes | |
| |
| |
| Traditional Snakes and Balloons | |
| |
| |
| Extensions | |
| |
| |
| Gradient Vector Flow Snakes | |
| |
| |
| Geometric Deformable Models ? Level Sets and Geodesic Active Contours | |
| |
| |
| Fuzzy Connectivity | |
| |
| |
| Towards 3D Graph-Based Image Segmentation | |
| |
| |
| Simultaneous Detection of Border Pairs | |
| |
| |
| Sub-optimal Surface Detection | |
| |
| |
| Graph Cut Segmentation | |
| |
| |
| Optimal Single and Multiple Surface Segmentation | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Shape Representation and Description Region Identification | |
| |
| |
| Contour-Based Shape Representation and Description | |
| |
| |
| Chain Codes | |
| |
| |
| Simple Geometric Border Representation | |
| |
| |
| Fourier Transforms of Boundaries | |
| |
| |
| Boundary Description using Segment Sequences | |
| |
| |
| B-Spline Representation | |
| |
| |
| Other Contour-Based Shape Description Approaches | |
| |
| |
| Shape Invariants | |
| |
| |
| Region-Based Shape Representation and Description | |
| |
| |
| Simple Scalar Region Descriptors | |
| |
| |
| Momen | |