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| Preface | |
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| What Is Ethics? | |
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| Three Types of Claims Made in Moral Arguments | |
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| Factual Issues | |
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| Conceptual Issues | |
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| Moral Issues | |
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| The Nature of Moral Statements | |
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| Normative versus Factual Statements | |
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| An Important Corollary | |
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| Characteristics of Ethical Statements | |
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| Concepts in Ethical Discourse | |
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| A Burn Victim's Desire to Die | |
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| Factual Issues | |
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| Conceptual Issues | |
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| Moral Issues | |
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| Moral and Factual Statements | |
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| Characteristics of Moral Statements | |
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| Concepts in Moral Philosophy | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| Morality: Relative or Objective? | |
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| Classical Moral Relativism | |
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| The Diversity Thesis | |
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| The Relativity Thesis | |
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| The Toleration Thesis | |
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| Evaluating Classical Moral Relativism | |
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| Limited Moral Relativism | |
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| The Diversity of Morality | |
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| Limits to Moral Diversity | |
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| Evaluating Limited Moral Relativism | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| The Divine Command Theory | |
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| Rationality versus Truth | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| Moral Theories | |
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| Common Morality and Moral Theories | |
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| The Three Levels of a Moral Theory | |
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| First Level: Moral Judgments | |
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| Second Level: Moral Principles | |
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| Third Level: Moral Standard | |
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| Four Criteria for Evaluating a Moral Theory | |
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| Consistency and Coherence-Does the Theory Yield Consistent Judgments and Show Internal Coherence? | |
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| Justification-How Well Can the Moral Standard Be Justified? | |
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| Plausibility-Does the Moral Theory Produce Moral Judgments That Agree with Our Prior Moral Beliefs? | |
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| Usefulness-Is the Theory Useful in Resolving Moral Disagreements? | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| Problems in Applying Moral Principles | |
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| Relevance Problems | |
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| Conflict Problems | |
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| Room for Disagreement | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| The Ethics of Self-Interest | |
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| The Paradox of Egoism | |
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| The State of Nature | |
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| An Illustration | |
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| Escaping from the Paradox of Egoism | |
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| The Moral Standard | |
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| Checklist for Applying Act Egoism | |
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| Checklist for Applying Rule Egoism | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| The Personal and Social Ethics of Egoism | |
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| Duties to Self | |
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| Duties to Others | |
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| Social Ethics | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| Applying the Ethics of Egoism | |
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| Bryan's Dilemma | |
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| The Legalization of Homosexual Acts Between Consenting Adults | |
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| Should a Lawyer Reveal the Truth? | |
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| Evaluating Egoism as a Moral Theory | |
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| Coherence and Consistency | |
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| Justification of the Moral Standard | |
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| Plausibility of the Moral Judgments | |
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| Usefulness | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| The Ethics of Natural Law | |
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| The Natural-Law Moral Standard | |
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| What Is Natural Law? | |
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| Human Nature and Natural Inclinations | |
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| Moral Absolutism and the Qualifying Principles | |
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| Moral Absolutism | |
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| Qualifying Principles | |
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| Checklist for Applying Natural-Law Ethics | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| The Personal and Social Ethics of Natural Law | |
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| Duties to Self | |
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| Duties to Others | |
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| Social Ethics | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| Applying the Ethics of Natural Law | |
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| AIDS and Condoms | |
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| The Morality of Obliteration Bombing | |
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| The Suppression of Galileo | |
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| Evaluating Natural Law as a Moral Theory | |
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| Consistency and Coherence | |
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| Justification | |
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| Plausibility | |
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| Usefulness | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| The Ethics of Utilitarianism | |
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| The Utilitarian Moral Standard | |
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| The Definition of Utility | |
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| Distribution versus Quantity of Utility | |
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| The Place of Animals | |
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| Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism | |
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| Further Considerations in Applying Rule Utilitarianism | |
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| Will Others Obey the Rules? | |
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| How Should the Rule Be Formulated? | |
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| Checklist for Applying Rule Utilitarianism | |
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| Checklist for Applying Act Utilitarianism | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| Utilitarian Personal and Social Ethics | |
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| Duties to Self | |
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| Duties to Others | |
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| Social Ethics | |
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| Applying Utilitarian Theories | |
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| The Willowbrook School | |
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| The Morality of Whaling | |
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| Reverse Discrimination | |
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| Evaluating Utilitarianism as a Moral Theory | |
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| Consistency and Coherence | |
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| Justification | |
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| Plausibility | |
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| Usefulness | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| The Ethics of Respect for Persons | |
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| The Universalization Principle as a Version of the Moral Standard | |
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| The Self-Defeating Test | |
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| Guidelines for Applying the Universalization Principle | |
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| The Means-End Principle as a Version of the Moral Standard | |
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| Preliminary Concepts | |
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| The Negative Test | |
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| The Positive Test | |
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| Checklist for Applying the Ethics of Respect for Persons | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| The Personal and Social Ethics of the Ethics of Respect for Persons | |
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| Duties to Self | |
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| Duties to Others | |
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| Social Ethics | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| Applying the Ethics of Respect for Persons | |
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| The Case of Baby Marissa | |
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| Deceptive Psychological Testing | |
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| Surrogate Mothers | |
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| Buying and Selling Blood | |
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| Evaluating the Ethics of Respect for Persons as a Moral Theory | |
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| Consistency and Coherence | |
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| Justification | |
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| Plausibility | |
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| Usefulness | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| Virtue Ethics | |
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| What is Virtue Ethics? | |
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| What Is a Virtue? | |
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| Aristotle's Portrait of the Virtuous Person | |
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| The Magnanimous Man and the Golden Mean | |
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| Love and Friendship, Happiness, and Luck | |
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| Feminism and the Ethics of Care | |
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| Ethics in a Different Voice | |
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| An Ethics of Relationships | |
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| Virtue Pluralism | |
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| Checklist for Applying Virtue Ethics | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| Virtues and Personal and Social Ethics | |
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| Duties to Self | |
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| Duties to Others | |
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| Social Ethics | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| Applying Virtue Ethics | |
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| Abortion | |
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| Animal Rights | |
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| The Job vs. Conscience | |
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| The Patient Wants to Die | |
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| Perilous Pursuit | |
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| Evaluating Virtue Ethics | |
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| Coherence and Consistency | |
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| Justification of the Moral Standard | |
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| Plausibility of Moral Judgments | |
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| Usefulness in Resolving Ethical Conflicts | |
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| Concept Summary | |
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| Applying the Moral Theories | |
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| Cases for Analysis | |
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| Index | |