| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Logic and Argument | |
| |
| |
| |
| Logic Defined | |
| |
| |
| |
| Argument Defined | |
| |
| |
| |
| Argument Form | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diagramming Arguments | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diagramming Arguments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Supplying Missing Parts: Enthymemes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enthymemes: Missing Premises and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recognizing Real Arguments | |
| |
| |
| Interpretation and the Principle of Charity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recognizing Real Arguments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Composing Arguments | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| True or False? | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Good Argument, Deductive Validity, and Inductive Strength | |
| |
| |
| |
| Good Arguments | |
| |
| |
| The Definition of a Good Argument | |
| |
| |
| |
| Does the Conclusion Follow? Deductive Validity and Inductive Strength | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deductive Validity Defined | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deductive Validity: Does the Conclusion Follow Necessarily? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inductive Strength: Does the Conclusion Follow Probably? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Validity and Logical Form | |
| |
| |
| |
| Validity and Logical Form | |
| |
| |
| |
| More Logical Form | |
| |
| |
| |
| Are the Premises True? | |
| |
| |
| Empirical and Nonempirical Statements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Empirical or Nonempirical? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Truth, Validity, and Good Argument | |
| |
| |
| |
| What, if Anything, Is Wrong with This Argument? | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| True or False? | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Categorical Logic Part I | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Categories and Reasoning | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Four Categorical Forms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Categorical Forms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Change the Quality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Change the Quantity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Venn Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| Diagramming with Two Categories | |
| |
| |
| |
| Drawing Venn Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reading Venn Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recognizing Simple Inferences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Recognizing Simple Inferences | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Squares of Opposition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inferences on the Traditional Square of Opposition | |
| |
| |
| |
| More Inferences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quick Check on the Square | |
| |
| |
| The Modern Square of Opposition | |
| |
| |
| The Rationale Behind the Modern Interpretation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inferences on the Modern Square of Opposition | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Operations | |
| |
| |
| Conversion: Switch Subject and Predicate Terms | |
| |
| |
| Obversion: Change the Quality and Negate the Predicate | |
| |
| |
| Contraposition: Switch Subject and Predicate, Then Negate Both | |
| |
| |
| Examples of Inferences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Operations | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Operation? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Valid or Invalid? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Simplifying with Operations | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| True or False? | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Categorical Logic Part II | |
| |
| |
| |
| Translating into Categorical Form | |
| |
| |
| |
| Translating Guide | |
| |
| |
| |
| Translating | |
| |
| |
| |
| Translating | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Categorical Syllogism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Testing Validity with Venn Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| The Bar | |
| |
| |
| Making an Existential Assumption | |
| |
| |
| |
| Diagramming with Three Circles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Reading Venn Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Testing Validity with Venn Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| |
| Special Cases for the Syllogism | |
| |
| |
| |
| Valid or Invalid? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sorites | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| True or False? | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Truth-Functional Logic Part I | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statements and Operators | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Logical Operators Defined | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Symbols and Their Uses | |
| |
| |
| Symbolic Translation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Symbolic Translation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Grouping and the Scope of Operators | |
| |
| |
| Symbolizing with Parentheses and Brackets | |
| |
| |
| |
| Translating and Grouping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Special Cases for Translation | |
| |
| |
| Variations on the Conjunction and Disjunction | |
| |
| |
| Variations on the Conditional | |
| |
| |
| |
| More Symbolic Translations | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Truth-Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Constructing Truth Tables | |
| |
| |
| |
| Truth Tables for the Operators | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Truth-Values of Compounds | |
| |
| |
| |
| Translating and Truth Tables | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interpreting Symbolic Statements | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| True or False? | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Truth-Functional Logic Part II | |
| |
| |
| |
| Truth Tables for Evaluating Arguments | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Truth Table Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Indirect Truth Tables | |
| |
| |
| |
| Indirect Truth Table Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statements and Relations | |
| |
| |
| Types of Statements: Tautologies, Self-contradictions, and Contingencies | |
| |
| |
| Types of Relations: Equivalences and Contradictories | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tautologies, Self-Contradictions, and Contingencies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equivalences and Contradictories | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| True or False? | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formal Deduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Rules of Inference: Group I | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Validity of Rules of Inference, Group I | |
| |
| |
| |
| Deductions with the Rules of Inference, Group I | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Rules of Inference: Group II | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Validity of Rules of Inference, Group II | |
| |
| |
| |
| Complete the Deductions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Rules of Inference | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equivalences | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equivalences and Rules of Inference | |
| |
| |
| |
| More Deductions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Symbolize and Deduce | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| True or False? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inductive Logic | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inductive Strength | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inductive Generalization | |
| |
| |
| Summary: Inductive Generalization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inductive Generalization | |
| |
| |
| |
| More Inductive Generalizations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Causal Arguments | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Is a Causal Statement? | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Does It Mean to Say That One Thing Causes Another? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Causal Arguments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Types of Causal Arguments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mill's Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mill's Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
| Argument from Analogy | |
| |
| |
| Summary: Argument from Analogy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arguments from Analogy | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Identifying Types of Arguments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Identifying More Difficult Arguments | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| True or False? | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Informal Fallacies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Appeal to Authority | |
| |
| |
| |
| Appeal to the People | |
| |
| |
| |
| Appeal to Force | |
| |
| |
| |
| Appeal to Pity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Appeal to Ignorance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ad Hominem | |
| |
| |
| |
| False Cause | |
| |
| |
| |
| Slippery Slope | |
| |
| |
| |
| Either/Or Fallacy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Equivocation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hasty Generalization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fallacy of Composition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fallacy of Division | |
| |
| |
| |
| False Analogy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Begging the Question | |
| |
| |
| |
| Straw Man | |
| |
| |
| |
| Red Herring | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inconsistency | |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Identifying Fallacies | |
| |
| |
| |
| More Informal Fallacies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Composing Fallacies | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| True or False? | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evaluating Arguments | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Procedure for Argument Evaluation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exposing Real Arguments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Omitting, Rewriting, and Paraphrasing | |
| |
| |
| Omitting Sentences | |
| |
| |
| Rewriting Sentences | |
| |
| |
| Paraphrasing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Omitting, Rewriting, and Paraphrasing | |
| |
| |
| |
| More on Enthymemes: Plausible Interpretations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Real Enthymemes: Missing Premises and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Examining Premises | |
| |
| |
| More on Empirical and Nonempirical Statements | |
| |
| |
| Statements Accepted by Appeal to Authority | |
| |
| |
| |
| More on Empirical and Nonempirical | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sample Evaluations | |
| |
| |
| Sample Evaluation 1 | |
| |
| |
| Sample Evaluation 2 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evaluating Real Arguments | |
| |
| |
| Review Questions | |
| |
| |
| True or False? | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| Answers to Selected Exercises | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Index | |