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Preface | |
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Introduction: Opening the Conversation | |
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The Social Construction of Inequality | |
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Feminism-Feminisms | |
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Features of Gendered Lives | |
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Becoming Aware | |
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Why I Wrote This Book | |
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Changes in This Edition | |
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Communication as the Fulcrum of Change | |
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The Challenge of Studying Communication, Gender, and Culture | |
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Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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Reflection and Discussion | |
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Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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Conceptual Foundations | |
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The Study of Communication, Gender, and Culture | |
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Communication, Gender, and Culture as an Area of Study | |
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Expanded Knowledge of Gender, Communication, and Culture | |
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The Value of Studying Communication, Gender, and Culture | |
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The Meaning of Gender in a Transitional Era | |
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Confusing Attitudes | |
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Differences Between Women and Men | |
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Relationships Among Gender, Culture, and Communication | |
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Sex | |
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Gender | |
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Culture | |
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Communication | |
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Communication is a dynamic process | |
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Communication is systemic | |
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Communication has two levels of meaning | |
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Meanings are created through human interaction with symbols | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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Reflection and Discussion | |
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Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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Theoretical Approaches to Gender Development | |
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Theoretical Approaches to Gender | |
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Biological Theories of Gender | |
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Interpersonal Theories of Gender | |
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Psychodynamic Theories of Gender Development | |
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Psychological Theories of Gender Development | |
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Social learning theory | |
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Cognitive development theory | |
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Cultural Theories of Gender | |
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Anthropology | |
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Symbolic Interactionism | |
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Standpoint Theory | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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Reflection and Discussion | |
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Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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The Rhetorical Shaping of Gender: Women's Movements in America | |
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The Three Waves of Women's Movements in America | |
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The First Wave of Women's Movements in the United States | |
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The Women's Rights Movement | |
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The Cult of Domesticity | |
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The Second Wave of Women's Movements in the United States | |
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Radical Feminism | |
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Lesbian Feminism | |
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Separatism | |
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Revalorism | |
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Ecofeminism | |
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Liberal Feminism | |
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Womanism | |
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Multiracial Feminism | |
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Power Feminism | |
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The Third Wave of Women's Movements in the United States | |
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Remaking Solidarity to Incorporate Differences among Women | |
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Building Coalitions | |
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Integrating Theory into Everyday Practices | |
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The Political Is Personal | |
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Celebrating Girl Culture | |
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Antifeminism: The Backlash | |
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The First Wave: The Antisuffrage Movement | |
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The Second Wave: Fascinating, Total Women | |
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The Second Wave: The STOP ERA Campaign | |
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The Third Wave: Surrendered Wives and the War against Boys and Men | |
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The Contradictory Claims of Antifeminism | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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Reflection and Discussion | |
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Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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The Rhetorical Shaping of Gender: Men's Movements in America | |
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Profeminist Men's Movements | |
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Nomas | |
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Men's Antiviolence Groups | |
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The White Ribbon Campaign | |
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Mentors in Violence Prevention | |
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Masculinist Men's Movements | |
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The Men's Rights Movement | |
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Fathers' Rights Groups | |
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Mythopoetic Men | |
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Promise Keepers | |
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The Million Man March | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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Reflection and Discussion | |
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Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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Gendered Verbal Communication | |
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Verbal Communication Expresses Cultural Views of Gender | |
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Male Generic Language Excludes Women | |
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Language Defines Men and Women Differently | |
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Language Shapes Awareness | |
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Language Organizes Perceptions of Gender | |
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Language Evaluates Gender | |
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Language Allows Self-Reflection | |
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Gendered Interaction: Masculine and Feminine Styles of Verbal Communication | |
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Gendered Speech Communities | |
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The Lessons of Children's Play | |
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Boys' games | |
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Girls' games | |
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Gendered Communication Practices | |
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Feminine speech | |
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Masculine speech | |
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Gender-Based Misinterpretations in Communication | |
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Showing support | |
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"Troubles talk" | |
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The point of the story | |
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Relationship talk | |
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Public speaking | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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Reflection and Discussion | |
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Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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Gendered Nonverbal Communication | |
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Functions of Nonverbal Communication | |
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To Supplement Verbal Communication | |
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To Regulate Interaction | |
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To Establish the Relationship Level of Meaning | |
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Responsiveness | |
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Liking | |
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Power or control | |
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Forms of Nonverbal Communication | |
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Artifacts | |
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Proximity and Personal Space | |
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Haptics (Touch) | |
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Kinesics (Facial and Body Motion) | |
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Paralanguage | |
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Physical Appearance | |
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Interpreting Nonverbal Behavior | |
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Cultural Values Associated with Gendered Nonverbal Communication | |
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Respecting Gendered Styles of Nonverbal Communication | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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Reflection and Discussion | |
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Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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Gendered Communication in Practice | |
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Becoming Gendered: The Early Years | |
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Entering a Gendered Society | |
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Self-as-Object | |
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Monitoring | |
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Gendering Communication in the Family | |
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Unconscious Processes: Identification and Internalization | |
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Ego Boundaries | |
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Parental Communication about Gender | |
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Parental Modeling | |
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The Personal Side of the Gender Drama | |
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Growing Up Masculine | |
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Growing Up Feminine | |
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Growing Up Outside Conventional Gender Roles | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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Reflection and Discussion | |
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Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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Gendered Close Relationships | |
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The Meaning of Personal Relationships | |
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Models of Personal Relationships | |
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The male deficit model | |
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The alternate paths model | |
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Gendered Styles of Friendship | |
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Women's Friendships: Closeness in Dialogue | |
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Men's Friendships: Closeness in the Doing | |
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Friendships between Women and Men | |
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Gendered Romantic Relationships | |
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Developing Romantic Intimacy | |
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Gendered Patterns in Committed Relationships | |
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Gendered modes of expressing affection | |
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Gendered preferences for autonomy and connection | |
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Gendered responsibility for relational health | |
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Gendered power dynamics | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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Reflection and Discussion | |
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Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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Gendered Education: Communication in Schools | |
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Gendered Expectations and Pressures Facing Students | |
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Academics | |
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Males | |
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Females | |
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Gender-Stereotyped Curricula | |
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Athletics | |
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Gender Socialization in Peer Cultures | |
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Pressures to conform to masculinity | |
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Pressures to conform to femininity | |
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Single-Sex Educational Programs | |
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Gendered Expectations and Pressures Facing Faculty | |
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Gendered Hierarchies | |
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Gender Bias in Evaluations | |
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Gendered Policies and Expectations | |
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Earning tenure | |
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Service expectations | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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Reflection and Discussion | |
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Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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Gendered Organizational Communication | |
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Gendered Stereotypes in the Workplace | |
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Stereotypes of Women | |
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Sex object | |
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Mother | |
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Child | |
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Iron maiden | |
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Stereotypes of Men | |
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Sturdy oak | |
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Fighter | |
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Breadwinner | |
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Masculine Norms in Professional Life | |
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Think Manager-Think Male | |
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Communication Styles Don't Change | |
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Men and Women Can't Work Together | |
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Gendered Patterns in Organizations | |
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Formal Practices | |
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Leave policies | |
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Work schedules | |
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Informal Practices | |
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Unwelcoming environments for women | |
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The informal network | |
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Mentoring relationships | |
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Glass ceilings and walls | |
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Efforts to Redress Gendered Inequity in Institutions | |
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Equal Opportunity Laws | |
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Affirmative Action Policies | |
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Quotas and Goals | |
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Quotas | |
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Goals | |
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Diversity Training | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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Reflection and Discussion | |
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Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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Gendered Media | |
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Media Saturation of Cultural Life | |
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Gendered Themes in Media | |
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Underrepresentation of Women and Minorities | |
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Portrayals of Men and Women | |
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Portrayals of men | |
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Portrayals of women | |
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Images of Relationships between Men and Women | |
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Women's dependence/Men's independence | |
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Women's incompetence/Men's authority | |
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Women as primary caregivers/Men as breadwinners | |
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Women as victims and sex objects/Men as aggressors | |
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Gendered Messages in Advertising | |
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Bias in News Coverage | |
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Implications of Media Representations of Gender | |
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Fostering Unrealistic and Limited Gender Ideals | |
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Pathologizing the Human Body | |
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Normalizing Violence toward Women | |
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Is Censorship the Answer? | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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Reflection and Discussion | |
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Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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Gendered Power and Violence | |
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The Social Construction of Gendered Violence | |
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The Many Faces of Gendered Violence | |
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Gender Intimidation | |
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Sexual Assault | |
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Intimate Partner Violence | |
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Sexual Harassment | |
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Quid pro quo | |
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Hostile environment | |
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Whose perspective counts? | |
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Genital Surgery | |
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Male circumcision | |
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Sunna | |
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Excision or clitoridectomy | |
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Infibulation | |
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Gender-Based Murder | |
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The Social Foundations of Gendered Violence | |
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The Normalization of Violence in Media | |
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The Normalization of Violence by Institutions | |
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Family | |
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Law enforcement | |
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Counseling | |
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Language | |
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Resisting Gendered Violence: Where Do We Go from Here? | |
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Personal Efforts to Reduce Gendered Violence | |
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Social Efforts to Reduce Gendered Violence | |
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Summary | |
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Key Terms | |
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Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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Reflection and Discussion | |
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Research, Analysis, and Action | |
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Epilogue: Looking Backward, Looking Forward | |
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Creating the Future | |
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Defining Masculinity and Femininity | |
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Responding to Differences | |
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Taking a Voice | |
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Building on Ideas and Information in This Chapter | |
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Reflection and Discussion | |
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Glossary | |
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References | |
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Index | |