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| Foreword | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| Occupational Biomechanics as a Specialty | |
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| Definition of Occupational Biomechanics | |
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| Historical Development of Occupational Biomechanics | |
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| Kinesiological Developments | |
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| Developments in Biomechanical Modeling | |
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| Developments in Anthropometry | |
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| Methods for Evaluating Mechanical Work Capacity | |
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| Developments in Bioinstrumentation | |
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| Developments in Motion Classification and Time Prediction Systems | |
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| The Need for an Occupational Biomechanics Specialty | |
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| Epidemiological Support for Occupational Biomechanics | |
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| Social and Legal Support for Occupational Biomechanics | |
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| Ergonomic Support for Occupational Biomechanics | |
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| Who Uses Occupational Biomechanics? | |
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| Organization of The Book | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| The Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Connective Tissue | |
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| Ligaments, Tendons, and Fascia | |
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| Cartilage | |
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| Bone | |
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| Skeletal Muscle | |
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| The Structure of Muscles | |
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| The Molecular Basis of Muscle Contraction | |
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| The Energy Metabolism of Muscle | |
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| The Nerve Impulse Causing Muscle Contraction | |
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| Mechanical Aspects of Muscle Contraction | |
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| Muscle Fatigue | |
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| Quantification and Prediction of Fatigue | |
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| Age and Gender Sensitivity to Fatigue | |
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| The Action of Muscles | |
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| Joints | |
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| The Synovial Joint | |
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| Joint Lubrication | |
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| Osteoarthritis | |
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| Intervertebral Discs | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Anthropometry in Occupational Biomechanics | |
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| Measurement of Physical Properties of Body Segments | |
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| Body-segment Link Length Measurement Methods | |
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| Body-segment Volume and Weight | |
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| Body-segment Locations of Center of Mass | |
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| Body-segment Inertial Property Measurement Methods | |
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| Anthropometric Data for Biomechanical Studies in Industry | |
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| Segment Link Length Data | |
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| Segment Weight Data | |
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| Segment Mass-center Location Data | |
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| Segment Moment-of-Inertia and Radius-of-Gyration Data | |
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| Summary of Anthropometry in Occupational Biomechanics | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Mechanical Work Capacity Evaluation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Joint Motion: Methods and Data | |
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| Methods of Measuring Joint Motion | |
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| Normal Ranges of Joint Motion | |
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| Factors Affecting Range-of-Motion Data | |
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| Muscle Strength Evaluation | |
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| Definition of Muscular Strength | |
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| Static and Dynamic Strength-Testing Methods | |
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| Population Muscle Strength Values | |
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| Personal Factors Affecting Strength | |
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| Summary and Limitations of Mechanical Work-Capacity Data | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Bioinstrumentation for Occupational Biomechanics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Human Motion Analysis Systems | |
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| Basis for Measuring Human Motion | |
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| Muscle Activity Measurement | |
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| Applied Electromyography | |
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| Mechanomyography | |
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| Intramuscular Pressure | |
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| Muscle Strength Measurement Systems | |
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| Localized Static Strength Measurement Systems | |
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| Whole-Body Static Strength Measurement System | |
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| Whole-Body Dynamic Strength Measurement System | |
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| Intradiscal Pressure Measurement | |
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| Measurement Concept | |
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| Intradiscal Pressure Measurement System | |
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| Applications and Limitations in Occupational Biomechanics | |
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| Intra-Abdominal (Intragastric) Measurements | |
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| Measurement Development | |
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| Measurement System | |
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| Applications and Limitations in Occupational Biomechanics | |
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| Seat Pressure Measurement Systems | |
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| Stature Measurement System | |
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| Force Platform System | |
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| Foot and Hand Force Measurement System | |
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| Measurement of Vibration in Humans | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Occupational Biomechanical Models | |
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| Why Model? | |
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| Planar Static Biomechanical Models | |
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| Single-body-segment Static Model | |
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| Two-body-segment Static Model | |
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| Static Planar Model of Nonparallel Forces | |
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| Planar Static Analysis of Internal Forces | |
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| Multiple-Link Coplanar Static Modeling | |
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| Three-Dimensional Modeling of Static Strength | |
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| Dynamic Biomechanical Models | |
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| Single-segment Dynamic Biomechanical Model | |
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| Multiple-segment Biodynamic Model of Load Lifting | |
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| Coplanar Biomechanical Models of Foot Slip Potential While Pushing a Cart | |
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| Special-Purpose Biomechanical Models of Occupational Tasks | |
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| Low-back Biomechanical Models | |
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| Biomechanical Models of the Wrist and Hand | |
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| Modeling Muscle Strength | |
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| Future Developments in Occupational Biomechanical Models | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Methods of Classifying and Evaluating Manual Work | |
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| Traditional Methods | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| Traditional Work Analysis System | |
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| MTM: An Example of a Predetermined Motion-Time System | |
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| Benefits and Limitations in Contemporary Work Analysis Systems | |
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| Contemporary Biomechanical Job Analysis | |
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| Identification of Musculoskeletal Injury Problems | |
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| Analyzing Biomechanical Risk Factors | |
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| Specialized Biomechanical Risk Factor Evaluation | |
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| Emgs in Job Evaluation | |
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| Future Impact of Occupational Biomechanics on Work Analysis Systems | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Manual Material-Handling Limits | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Lifting Limits in Manual Material Handling | |
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| Scope of NIOSH Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting | |
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| Basis and Structure of the 1994 NIOSH-Recommended Weight-Lifting Limit | |
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| Example of NIOSH RWL Procedure | |
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| Comments on the Status of the NIOSH Lifting Guide | |
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| Alternative Recommendations for Evaluating Manual Lifting Tasks | |
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| Pushing and Pulling Capabilities | |
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| Foot-slip Prevention During Pushing and Pulling | |
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| Asymmetric Load Handling | |
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| Toward a Comprehensive Manual Material-Handling Guide | |
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| Recommendations for Improving Manual Material-Handling Tasks | |
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| Summary of Manual Material-handling Recommendations and Evaluation Methods | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Guidelines for Work in Sitting Postures | |
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| General Considerations Related to Sitting Postures | |
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| Anthropometric Aspects of Seated Workers | |
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| Comfort | |
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| The Spine and Sitting | |
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| Clinical Aspects of Sitting Postures | |
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| Radiographic Data | |
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| Disc Pressure Data During Sitting | |
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| Muscle Activity | |
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| Sitting Postures and The Spine | |
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| The Shoulder and Sitting | |
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| The Legs and Sitting | |
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| The Sitting Workplace | |
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| The Office Chair | |
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| The Table in a Seated Workplace | |
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| Visual Display Terminal Workstations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Biomechanical Considerations in Machine Control and Workplace Design | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Localized Musculoskeletal Injury in Industry | |
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| Practical Guidelines for Workplace and Machine Control Layout | |
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| Structure-Function Characteristics of the Shoulder Mechanism | |
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| Shoulder-Dependent Overhead Reach Limitations | |
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| Shoulder- and Arm-Dependent Forward Reach Limits | |
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| Neck-Head Posture Work Limitations | |
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| Torso Postural Considerations In Workbench Height Limitations | |
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| Biomechanical Considerations In The Design Of Computer Workstations | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Hand-Tool Design Guidelines | |
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| The Need for Biomechanical Concepts in Design | |
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| Shape and Size Considerations | |
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| Shape for Avoiding Wrist Deviation | |
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| Shape for Avoiding Shoulder Abduction | |
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| Shape to Assist Grip | |
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| Size of Tool Handle to Facilitate Grip | |
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| Finger Clearance Considerations | |
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| Gloves | |
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| Hand-Tool Weight and Use Considerations | |
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| Force Reaction Considerations in Powered Hand-Tool Design | |
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| Keyboard Design Considerations | |
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| Posture Stress | |
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| Keying Exertion Force Repetition | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Guidelines for Whole-Body and Segmental Vibration | |
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| Definitions and Measurement | |
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| Definitions | |
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| Measurement of Vibration | |
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| General Effects of Vibration on Human Beings | |
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| Whole-Body Vibration | |
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| Effects of Low-Frequency Vibration | |
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| Effects of Middle-Frequency Vibration | |
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| Biomechanical Effects on the Spine | |
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| Physiological Responses | |
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| Hand-Arm Vibration | |
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| Transmission of Vibration in the Upper Extremity | |
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| Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome | |
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| Sensorimotor Effects | |
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| Vibration Exposure Criteria | |
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| Whole-Body Vibration Recommendations | |
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| Hand-Arm Vibration Recommendations | |
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| Control and Prevention | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Worker Selection, Training, and Personal Protective Device Consideration | |
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| Worker Selection | |
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| Introduction To Worker Selection | |
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| History And Physical Examination | |
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| Radiographic Preplacement Examination | |
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| Quantitative Physical Preplacement Screening | |
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| Preplacement Training | |
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| General Content of Training | |
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| How Workers Should Be Trained | |
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| Biomechanical Aspects of Back Belts | |
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| Passive Stiffness Effects of Back Belts | |
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| Abdominal Pressure Effects of Back Belts | |
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| Reduced Torso Mobility Effects Due to Back Belts | |
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| Job Rotation and Psychosocial Stress | |
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| Summary | |
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| Review Questions | |
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| References | |
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| Summary | |
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| References | |
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| Anatomical and Anthropometric Landmarks as Presented by Webb and Associates | |
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| Glossary of Anatomical and Anthropometric Terms | |
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| Population Weight and Mass-Center Data | |
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| Segment Weight Values Derived from Regression Equations Using Total Body Weight as the Independent Variable | |
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| Anatomical Location of Segment Centers of Gravity (Center of Mass) | |
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| Segment Moments of Inertia | |
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| Joint Center Locations and Link Definitions | |
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| Terms and Units of Measurement in Biomechanics | |
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| NIOSH 1994 Tables | |
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| Push and Pull Fore Tables | |
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| Data Gathering-Job Risk Factors | |
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| Some General Web Sites that Complement References in Text | |
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| Index | |