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| Introduction | |
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| What is a Mineral? | |
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| Defining a Mineral More Broadly | |
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| Where Do We Find Minerals and What Can We Learn? | |
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| Minerals as Integral to Earth Science | |
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| Mineralogy as Important to Other Fields | |
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| Disciplines of Mineral Science | |
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| History of Mineralogy | |
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| Minerals in Our Lives | |
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| Naming of Minerals | |
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| References and Literature of Mineralogy | |
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| What's to Come | |
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| Standard Mineralogical Reference Works and Further Reading | |
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| Physical Properties of Minerals | |
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| Crystal Shape | |
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| Properties Based on Interaction with Light | |
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| Luster | |
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| Color | |
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| Streak | |
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| Play of Colors | |
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| Chatoyancy and Asterism | |
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| Luminescence | |
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| Fluorescence and Phosphorescence | |
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| Mechanical Properties | |
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| Cleavage | |
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| Parting | |
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| Fracture | |
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| Hardness | |
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| Tenacity | |
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| Properties Related to Mass | |
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| Density and Specific Gravity | |
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| Factors That Affect Density and Specific Gravity | |
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| Average Specific Gravity | |
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| Measurement of Specific Gravity | |
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| Other Diagnostic Properties | |
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| Magnetism | |
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| Radioactivity | |
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| Solubility in Acids | |
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| Other Sensory Tests | |
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| Electrical Properties (of Industrial Use) | |
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| Piezoelectricity | |
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| Pyroelectricity | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Elements of Crystal Chemistry | |
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| The Atom | |
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| Electron Configuration | |
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| Chemical Elements, Electronic Configuration, and the Periodic Table | |
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| Atomic and Ionic Radii | |
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| The Ion | |
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| Bonding Forces in Crystals | |
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| Bonds with Valence Electrons | |
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| Ionic Bond | |
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| Metallic Bond | |
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| Covalent Bond | |
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| Estimation of the Character of the Bonding Mechanism | |
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| Electronegativity | |
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| Bonds That Do Not Involve Valence Electrons | |
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| Van der Waals Bond | |
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| Hydrogen Bond | |
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| Crystals with More Than One Bond Type | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Aspects of Crystal Structures | |
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| Coordination of Ions | |
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| Pauling's Rules | |
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| The Coordination Principle | |
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| Other Coordination Geometries | |
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| Coordination of Common Cations | |
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| The Electrostatic Valency Principle | |
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| Uniform Bond Strength | |
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| Nonuniform Bond Strength | |
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| Sharing of Polyhedral Elements, 1 | |
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| Sharing of Polyhedral Elements, 2 | |
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| The Principle of Parsimony | |
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| Additional Controls on Mineral Structures | |
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| Isostructuralism | |
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| Polymorphism | |
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| Illustration of Crystal Structures | |
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| Examples of Selected Common Structure Types | |
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| NaCl Structure | |
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| CsCl Structure | |
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| Sphalerite (ZnS) Structure | |
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| CaF[subscript 2] Structure | |
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| Rutile (TiO[subscript 2]) Structure | |
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| Perovskite(ABO[subscript 3]) Structure | |
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| Spinel (AB[subscript 2]O[subscript 4]) Structure | |
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| Silicate Structures | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Chemical Composition of Minerals | |
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| Composition of the Earth | |
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| Composition of the Earth's Crust | |
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| Composition of the Mantle | |
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| Composition of the Core | |
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| Composition of the Earth | |
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| Variability of Mineral Compositions | |
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| Substitutional Solid Solution | |
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| Coupled Substitution | |
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| Interstitial Solid Solution | |
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| Omission Solid Solution | |
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| Determination of a Mineral Formula | |
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| Calculation of Mineral Formulae from Metal Percentages | |
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| Mineral Formulae from Oxide Weight Percentages | |
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| Mineral Formulae for Hydrous Silicates | |
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| Graphical Representation of Mineral Composition | |
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| Linear or Bar Diagrams | |
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| Triangular Diagrams | |
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| Triangular Representation of More Than Three Components | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Crystallography: External Symmetry of Minerals | |
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| Symmetry | |
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| Symmetry Elements (Without Translation) | |
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| Rotation | |
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| Reflection (Mirror) | |
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| Center of Symmetry | |
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| Rotation with Inversion | |
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| Symmetry Notation | |
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| Combinations of Rotations | |
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| Combinations of Rotation Axes and Mirrors | |
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| Combinations of Symmetry Operations Without Translation | |
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| Crystal Systems | |
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| Crystallographic Axes | |
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| Crystallographic Notation for Planes | |
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| Face Intercepts | |
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| Miller Indices | |
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| Zones | |
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| Crystal Form | |
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| Names of Forms | |
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| Illustration and Description of Forms | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Bilateral Symmetry in Humans and Architecture | |
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| Internal Order and Symmetry In Minerals | |
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| Translation Directions and Distances | |
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| One-Dimensional Order-Rows | |
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| Two-Dimensional Order-Plane Lattices | |
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| Rotation Angle Restrictions | |
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| Symmetry Content of Planar Motifs | |
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| Symmetry Content of Plane Lattices | |
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| Two-Dimensional Plane Groups | |
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| Three-Dimensional Order | |
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| Three-Dimensional Lattices | |
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| Symmetry Elements in 3D that Involve Translation: Screw Axes and Glide Planes | |
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| Space Groups | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Patterns in Our Environment | |
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| Periodic Drawings | |
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| Crystal Projections | |
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| Spherical Projection | |
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| Stereographic Projection | |
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| Stereographic Net and the Mechanics of Plotting | |
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| Measuring Crystal Angles | |
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| Projection of an Orthorhombic Crystal | |
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| Projection of a Monoclinic Crystal | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Selected Point Groups and Further Aspects of Space Groups | |
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| Nineteen of the Thirty-Two Point Groups | |
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| Triclinic System | |
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| Monoclinic System | |
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| Orthorhombic System | |
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| Tetragonal System | |
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| Hexagonal System | |
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| Isometric System | |
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| Characteristics of Isometric Crystals | |
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| Representations of Some Space Groups | |
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| Space Group Derivation | |
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| Illustrations of Space Groups | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Crystal Growth and Defects; Twinning, Color, and Magnetism | |
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| Crystal Growth | |
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| Vectorial Properties | |
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| Structural Complexities and Defects | |
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| Point Defects | |
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| Line Defects | |
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| Planar Defects | |
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| Other Defects | |
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| Mineralogic Examples of Defect Structures | |
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| Intergrowths of Crystals | |
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| Twinning | |
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| Twin Classification | |
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| Common Twin Laws | |
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| Triclinic System | |
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| Monoclinic System | |
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| Orthorhombic System | |
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| Tetragonal System | |
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| Hexagonal System | |
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| Isometric System | |
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| Origin of Color | |
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| Crystal Field Transitions | |
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| Molecular Orbital Transitions | |
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| Color Centers | |
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| Physical Processes as a Cause of Color | |
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| Origin of Magnetic Properties | |
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| Mineraloids (Noncrystalline Minerals) | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Mineral Stability and Phase Diagrams | |
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| Stability, Activation Energy, and Equilibrium | |
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| Introductory Thermodynamics | |
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| Phase Diagrams | |
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| Components | |
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| Examples of Mineral Stability (Phase) Diagrams | |
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| One-Component Diagrams | |
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| Two-Component Diagrams | |
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| Three- or More-Component Diagrams | |
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| Diagrams for Mineral Reactions Involving H[subscript 2]O or CO[superscript 2] | |
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| Eh-pH Diagrams | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Post-Crystallization Processes in Minerals | |
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| Polymorphic Reactions | |
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| Reconstructive Polymorphism | |
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| Displacive Polymorphism | |
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| Order-Disorder Polymorphism | |
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| Polytypism | |
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| Secondary Twinning | |
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| Exsolution | |
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| Radioactivity and Metamictization | |
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| Metamict Minerals | |
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| Pseudomorphism | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Optical Microscopy | |
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| Nature of Light | |
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| Reflection and Refraction | |
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| Refractive Index and Snell's Law | |
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| Total Reflection and the Critical Angle | |
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| Isotropic and Anisotropic Crystals | |
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| Polarized Light | |
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| Polarized Light by Absorption | |
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| Polarized Light by Reflection | |
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| The Polarizing Microscope | |
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| Microscopic Examination of Minerals and Rocks | |
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| Isotropic Crystals and the Becke Line | |
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| Uniaxial Crystals | |
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| Uniaxial Crystals Between Crossed Polars | |
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| Extinction | |
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| Interference | |
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| Accessory Plates | |
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| Uniaxial Crystals in Convergent Polarized Light | |
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| Determination of Optic Sign | |
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| Sign of Elongation | |
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| Absorption and Dichroism | |
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| Biaxial Crystals | |
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| The Biaxial Indicatrix | |
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| Optical Orientation in Biaxial Crystals | |
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| Biaxial Crystals in Convergent Polarized Light | |
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| The Apparent Optic Angle | |
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| Determination of Optic Sign of Biaxial Crystals | |
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| Absorption and Pleochroism | |
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| Other Properties | |
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| Optical Properties of Opaque Minerals | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Analytical and Imaging Methods in Mineral Science | |
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| Technique Overview | |
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| Techniques That Use X-rays | |
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| X-ray Diffraction Techniques (XRD) | |
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| X-ray Spectra | |
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| Diffraction Effects and the Bragg Equation | |
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| Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction and Structure Analysis | |
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| The Determination of Crystal Structures | |
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| X-ray Powder Diffraction and Mineral Identification | |
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| X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF) | |
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| Electron Beam Techniques | |
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| Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) | |
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| Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) | |
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| Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMPA) | |
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| Additional Techniques | |
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| Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) | |
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| Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Crystal Chemistry and Systematic Descriptions of Native Elements, Sulfides, and Sulfosalts | |
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| Mineral Classification | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Native Elements, Sulfides, and Sulfosalts | |
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| Native Elements | |
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| Native Metals | |
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| Native Semimetals | |
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| Native Nonmetals | |
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| Sulfides | |
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| Sulfosalts | |
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| Systematic Descriptions | |
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| Native Metals | |
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| Native Nonmetals | |
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| Sulfides, Sulfarsenides, and Arsenides | |
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| Sulfosalts | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Economic Geology | |
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| Diamond Synthesis | |
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| Veins and Vein Mineralization | |
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| Sulfide Minerals as Ores and as Mining-Related Contaminants | |
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| Crystal Chemistry and Systematic Descriptions of Oxides, Hydroxides, and Halides | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Oxides | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Hydroxides | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Halides | |
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| Systematic Descriptions | |
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| Oxides | |
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| Hydroxides | |
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| Halides | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Ore Minerals for the Steel Industry | |
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| Evaporite Minerals | |
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| Crystal Chemistry and Systematic Descriptions of Carbonates, Nitrates, Borates, Sulfates, Chromates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Phosphates, Arsenates, and Vanadates | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Carbonates | |
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| Calcite Group | |
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| Aragonite Group | |
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| Dolomite Group | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Nitrates | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Borates | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Sulfates | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Tungstates and Molybdates | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Phosphates, Arsenaes, and Vanadates | |
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| Systematic Descriptions | |
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| Carbonates | |
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| Nitrates | |
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| Borates | |
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| Sulfates and Chromates | |
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| Tungstates and Molybdates | |
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| Phosphates, Arsenates, and Vanadates | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| The Source of Chemicals in Fertilizers | |
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| Crystal Chemistry of Rock-Forming Silicates | |
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| Nesosilicates | |
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| Sorosilicates | |
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| Cyclosilicates | |
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| Inosilicates | |
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| Pyroxene Group | |
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| Pyroxenoid Group | |
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| Amphibole Group | |
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| Phyllosilicates | |
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| Tectosilicates | |
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| SiO[subscript 2] Group | |
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| Feldspar Group | |
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| Structure | |
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| Composition | |
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| Feldspathoid Group | |
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| Zeolite Group | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Systematic Descriptions of Rock-Forming Silicates | |
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| Nesosilicates | |
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| Phenacite Group | |
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| Olivine Group | |
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| Garnet Group | |
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| Al[subscript 2]SiO[subscript 2] Group | |
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| Humite Group | |
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| Sorosilicates | |
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| Epidote Group | |
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| Cyclosilicates | |
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| Inosilicates | |
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| Pyroxene Group | |
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| Pyroxenoid Group | |
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| Amphibole Group | |
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| Phyllosilicates | |
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| Serpentine Group | |
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| Clay Mineral Group | |
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| Mica Group | |
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| Chlorite Group | |
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| Related Species | |
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| Tectosilicates | |
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| SiO[subscript 2] Group | |
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| Feldspar Group | |
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| K-Feldspars | |
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| Feldspathoid Group | |
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| Scapolite Series | |
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| Zeolite Group | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| The Two Most Common Crustal Rock Types: Basalt and Granite | |
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| Asbestos: A Mixture and Mix-Up of Minerals | |
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| Clay Minerals and Some of Their Applications | |
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| Mineral Dust in the Environment | |
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| Minerals in Pegmatites | |
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| Zeolites and Their Many Unique Properties | |
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| Gem Minerals | |
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| Gem Minerals | |
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| Gem Qualifications | |
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| Types of Gem Cuts | |
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| The Early Uses of Gems | |
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| Important Gems-Past and Present | |
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| Diamond | |
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| Beryl | |
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| Ruby and Sapphire | |
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| Opal | |
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| Jade | |
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| Chrysoberyl | |
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| Topaz | |
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| Tourmaline | |
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| Quartz | |
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| Turquoise | |
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| Garnet | |
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| Zircon | |
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| Olivine | |
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| Gem Properties and Instruments for Their Determination | |
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| Physical Properties | |
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| Cleavage and Fracture | |
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| Hardness | |
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| Specific Gravity | |
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| Fluorescence | |
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| Instruments for Studying Gems | |
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| Observation | |
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| Hand Lens | |
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| The Microscope | |
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| The Polariscope | |
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| Refractive Index and the Refractometer | |
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| Dispersion | |
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| The Dichroscope | |
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| Color Filters | |
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| The Spectroscope | |
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| X-ray Diffraction | |
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| Synthesis of Gem Materials | |
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| Verneuil Process | |
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| Czochralski Process | |
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| Flux Growth | |
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| Hydrothermal Growth | |
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| Treatment of Gemstones | |
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| Dyeing | |
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| Heat Treatment | |
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| Irradiation | |
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| Synthetic and Treated Gems | |
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| Beryl | |
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| Chrysoberyl | |
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| Corundum (Ruby and Sapphire) | |
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| Diamond | |
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| Jade | |
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| Opal | |
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| Quartz | |
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| Rutile | |
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| Spinel | |
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| Turquoise | |
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| Manufactured Gem Materials Without Natural Counterparts | |
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| Garnet | |
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| Strontium Titanate | |
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| Cubic Zirconia | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Mineral Assemblages: Introduction to Rock Types | |
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| Igneous Rocks | |
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| General Occurrence and Texture | |
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| Chemical Composition | |
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| Classification | |
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| Mineralogical Composition | |
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| Plutonic Rocks | |
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| Volcanic Rocks | |
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| Fragmental Igneous Rocks | |
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| Pegmatites | |
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| Sedimentary Rocks | |
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| Chemical Composition | |
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| Mineralogical Composition | |
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| Classification | |
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| Terrigenous Sedimentary Rocks | |
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| Allochemical Carbonate Rocks | |
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| Orthochemical Sedimentary Rocks | |
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| Further Description of Rock Types | |
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| Metamorphic Rocks | |
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| Chemical Composition | |
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| Mineralogical Composition | |
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| Rock Types | |
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| References and Further Reading | |
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| Determinative Tables | |
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| General Classification of the Tables | |
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| Luster-Metallic or Submetallic | |
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| Luster-Nonmetallic | |
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| Minerals Arranged by Several Physical Properties | |
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| Minerals Arranged According to Increasing Specific Gravity | |
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| Nonopaque Minerals and Some Synthetic Compounds Arranged According to Increasing Refractive index | |
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| Outstanding Contributions to the Mineral Sciences | |
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| Development of Models for the Atom | |
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| Distribution of Forms in 32 Point Groups, Arranged by Crystal System | |
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| Space Groups as an Expression of Morphology and Structure | |
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| Mineral Index | |
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| Subject Index | |