| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
Acknowledgments | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction to Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Preliminary Remarks | |
| |
| |
| |
Fuel Cells as Electrochemical Engines | |
| |
| |
| |
Generic Fuel Cell and Stack | |
| |
| |
| |
Classification of Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Potential Fuel Cell Applications and Markets | |
| |
| |
| |
History of Fuel Cell Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Application Study | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Electrochemical Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrochemical versus Chemical Reactions | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrochemical Reaction | |
| |
| |
| |
Scientific Units, Constants, and Basic Laws | |
| |
| |
| |
Faraday's Laws: Consumption and Production of Species | |
| |
| |
| |
Measures of Reactant Utilization Efficiency | |
| |
| |
| |
The Generic Fuel Cell | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Application Study | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Thermodynamics of Fuel Cell Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
Physical Nature of Thermodynamic Variables | |
| |
| |
| |
Heat of Formation, Sensible Enthalpy, and Latent Heat | |
| |
| |
| |
Determination of Change in Enthalpy for Nonreacting Species and Mixtures | |
| |
| |
| |
Determination of Change in Enthalpy for Reacting Species and Mixtures | |
| |
| |
| |
Psychrometrics: Thermodynamics of Moist Air Mixtures | |
| |
| |
| |
Thermodynamic Efficiency of a Fuel Cell | |
| |
| |
| |
Maximum Expected Open-Circuit Voltage: Nernst Voltage | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Application Study | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Performance Characterization of Fuel Cell Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
Polarization Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
Region I: Activation Polarization | |
| |
| |
| |
Region II: Ohmic Polarization | |
| |
| |
| |
Region III: Concentration Polarization | |
| |
| |
| |
Region IV: Other Polarization Losses | |
| |
| |
| |
Polarization Curve Model Summary | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Application Study | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Transport in Fuel Cell Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
Ion Transport in an Electrolyte | |
| |
| |
| |
Electron Transport | |
| |
| |
| |
Gas-Phase Mass Transport | |
| |
| |
| |
Single-Phase Flow in Channels | |
| |
| |
| |
Multiphase Mass Transport in Channels and Porous Media | |
| |
| |
| |
Heat Generation and Transport | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Application Study | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Hydrogen PEFC | |
| |
| |
| |
Water Balance in PEFC | |
| |
| |
| |
PEFC Flow Field Configurations and Stack Design | |
| |
| |
| |
Direct Alcohol Polymer Electrolyte Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
PEFC Degradation | |
| |
| |
| |
Multidimensional Effects | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Application Study | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Alkaline Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Biological and Other Fuel Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Application Study | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Hydrogen Storage, Generation, and Delivery | |
| |
| |
| |
Modes of Storage | |
| |
| |
| |
Modes of Generation | |
| |
| |
| |
Hydrogen Delivery | |
| |
| |
| |
Overall Hydrogen Infrastructure Development | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Application Study | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Experimental Diagnostics and Diagnosis | |
| |
| |
| |
Electrochemical Methods to Understand Polarization Curve Losses | |
| |
| |
| |
Physical Probes and Visualization | |
| |
| |
| |
Degradation Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Application Study | |
| |
| |
Problems | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
Appendix | |
| |
| |
Index | |