| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Acknowledgment | |
| |
| |
| Acronyms | |
| |
| |
| |
| Background and Terminology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Telecommunications Standard Organizations | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Analog Network Hierarchy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bell System Hierarchy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Postdivestiture U.S. Network | |
| |
| |
| |
| Switching Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transmission Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pair-Gain Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| FDM Multiplexing and Modulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wideband Transmission Media | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transmission Impairments | |
| |
| |
| |
| Power Levels | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signaling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analog Interfaces | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Intelligent Network | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dynamic Nonhierarchical Routing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cellular Radio Telephone System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Voiceband Data Transmission | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Introduction of Digits | |
| |
| |
| |
| Voice Digitization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time Division Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data under Voice | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Microwave Radio | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fiber Optic Transmission | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Network Evolution | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why Digital? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Advantages of Digital Voice Networks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ease of Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ease of Signaling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Use of Modern Technology | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integration of Transmission and Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal Regeneration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance Monitorability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Accommodation of Other Services | |
| |
| |
| |
| Operability at Low Signal-to-Noise/Interference Ratios | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ease of Encryption | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Signal Processing | |
| |
| |
| |
| DSP Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Disadvantages of Digital Voice Networks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Increased Bandwidth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Need for Time Synchronization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Topologically Restricted Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Need for Conference/Extension Bridges | |
| |
| |
| |
| Incompatibilities with Analog Facilities | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Voice Digitization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pulse Amplitude Modulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nyquist Sampling Rate | |
| |
| |
| |
| Foldover Distortion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pulse Code Modulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quantization Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Idle Channel Noise | |
| |
| |
| |
| Uniformly Encoded PCM | |
| |
| |
| |
| Companding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Easily Digitally Linearizable Coding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Syllabic Companding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adaptive Gain Encoding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Speech Redundancies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonuniform Amplitude Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sample-to-Sample Correlation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cycle-to-Cycle Correlations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pitch-Interval-to-Pitch-Interval Correlations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inactivity Factors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Nonuniform Long-Term Spectral Densities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Short-Term Spectral Densities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Differential Pulse Code Modulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| DPCM Implementations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Higher Order Prediction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adaptive Differential PCM | |
| |
| |
| |
| Delta Modulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Slope Overload | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adaptive Predictive Coding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Subband Coding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Vocoders | |
| |
| |
| |
| Channel Vocoder | |
| |
| |
| |
| Formant Vocoder | |
| |
| |
| |
| Linear Predictive Coding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enhanced-Excitation Linear Predictive Coding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Encoder/Decoder Selection Considerations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Voice Quality | |
| |
| |
| |
| Transparency for Nonvoice Signals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tolerance of Transmission Errors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Delay | |
| |
| |
| |
| ITU-T Coding Standards | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Transmission and Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pulse Transmission | |
| |
| |
| |
| Intersymbol Interference | |
| |
| |
| |
| Timing Inaccuracies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Insufficient Bandwidth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Amplitude Distortion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phase Distortion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Asynchronous versus Synchronous Transmission | |
| |
| |
| |
| Asynchronous Transmission | |
| |
| |
| |
| Synchronous Transmission | |
| |
| |
| |
| Line Coding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Level Encoding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bipolar Coding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Binary N-Zero Substitution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pair Selected Ternary | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ternary Coding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Biphase | |
| |
| |
| |
| Differential Encoding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Coded Mark Inversion | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multilevel Signaling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Partial-Response Signaling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Error Performance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal Detection | |
| |
| |
| |
| Noise Power | |
| |
| |
| |
| Error Probabilities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance Monitoring | |
| |
| |
| |
| Redundancy Checks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Signal Quality Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Framing Channel Errors | |
| |
| |
| |
| Performance Objectives | |
| |
| |
| |
| Forward Error Correction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time Division Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bit Interleaving versus Word Interleaving | |
| |
| |
| |
| Framing | |
| |
| |
| |
| DS1 Extended Superframe | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time Division Multiplex Loops and Rings | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Switching Functions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Space Division Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multiple-Stage Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Blocking Probabilities: Lee Graphs | |
| |
| |
| |
| Blocking Probabilities: Jacobaeus | |
| |
| |
| |
| Folded Four-Wire Switches | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pathfinding | |
| |
| |
| |
| Switch Matrix Control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Time Division Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analog Time Division Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Time Division Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Two-Dimensional Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| STS Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| TST Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| No. 4 ESS Toll Switch | |
| |
| |
| |
| System 75 Digital PBX | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Cross-Connect Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Consolidation and Segregation | |
| |
| |
| |
| DCS Hierarchy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integrated Cross-Connect Equipment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Switching in an Analog Environment | |
| |
| |
| |
| Zero-Loss Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Borscht | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conferencing | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Modulation and Radio Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Modulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Amplitude Modulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency Shift Keying | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phase Shift Keying | |
| |
| |
| |
| Quadrature Amplitude Modulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Carrierless Amplitude and Phase Modulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Partial-Response QAM | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trellis-Coded Modulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multicarrier Modulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Filter Partitioning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adjacent-Channel Interference | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optimum Partitioning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Emission Specifications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radio System Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fade Margins | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Gain | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frequency Diversity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Space Diversity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Angle Diversity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Adaptive Equalization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Route Design | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Network Synchronization Control and Management | |
| |
| |
| |
| Timing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Timing Recovery: Phase-Locked Loop | |
| |
| |
| |
| Clock Instability | |
| |
| |
| |
| Elastic Stores | |
| |
| |
| |
| Jitter Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Systematic Jitter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Timing Inaccuracies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Slips | |
| |
| |
| |
| Asynchronous Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Waiting Time Jitter | |
| |
| |
| |
| Network Synchronization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plesiochronous | |
| |
| |
| |
| Networkwide Pulse Stuffing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mutual Synchronization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Network Master | |
| |
| |
| |
| Master-Slave Synchronization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Packetization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Network Timing Performance Measurements | |
| |
| |
| |
| U.S. Network Synchronization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Synchronization Regions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Primary Reference Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| 1996 ATandT Synchronization Architecture | |
| |
| |
| |
| Network Control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hierarchical Synchronization Processes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Network Management | |
| |
| |
| |
| Routing Control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Flow Control | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fiber Optic Transmission Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fiber Optic Transmission System Elements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical Fiber Fundamentals | |
| |
| |
| |
| Electrical-to-Optical Transducers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Optical-to-Electrical Transducers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Line Codes for Fiber Optic Transmission | |
| |
| |
| |
| mBnB Line Codes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bit Insertion Codes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Wavelength Division Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fiber System Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fiber Connectors and Splices | |
| |
| |
| |
| Protection Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| System Gain | |
| |
| |
| |
| SONET/SDH | |
| |
| |
| |
| SONET Multiplexing Overview | |
| |
| |
| |
| SONET Frame Formats | |
| |
| |
| |
| SONET Operations, Administration, and Maintenance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Payload Framing and Frequency Justification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Virtual Tributaries | |
| |
| |
| |
| DS3 Payload Mapping | |
| |
| |
| |
| E4 Payload Mapping | |
| |
| |
| |
| SONET Optical Standards | |
| |
| |
| |
| SONET Networks | |
| |
| |
| |
| SONET Rings | |
| |
| |
| |
| Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Mobile Telephony | |
| |
| |
| |
| North American Digital Cellular | |
| |
| |
| |
| D-AMPS Transmission Format | |
| |
| |
| |
| D-AMPS Speech Coding | |
| |
| |
| |
| D-AMPS Control Channel | |
| |
| |
| |
| D-AMPS Error Control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Global System for Mobile Communications | |
| |
| |
| |
| GSM Channel Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| GSM Speech Coding | |
| |
| |
| |
| GSM Channel Coding and Modulation | |
| |
| |
| |
| GSM Mobile Station | |
| |
| |
| |
| GSM Frequency Hopping | |
| |
| |
| |
| GSM Short Message Service | |
| |
| |
| |
| Code Division Multiple-Access Cellular | |
| |
| |
| |
| CDMA Channel Establishment | |
| |
| |
| |
| CDMA Multipath Tolerance | |
| |
| |
| |
| CDMA Power Control | |
| |
| |
| |
| CDMA Soft Handoff | |
| |
| |
| |
| Personal Communication System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Voice Privacy and Authentication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Iridium | |
| |
| |
| |
| Trunked Radio | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cellular Digital Packet Data | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Data and Asynchronous Transfer Mode Networks | |
| |
| |
| |
| Message Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Packet Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| Packet Formats | |
| |
| |
| |
| Statistical Multiplexing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Routing Control | |
| |
| |
| |
| Flow Control | |
| |
| |
| |
| X.25 | |
| |
| |
| |
| Frame Relay | |
| |
| |
| |
| TCP/IP | |
| |
| |
| |
| Asynchronous Transfer Mode Networks | |
| |
| |
| |
| ATM Cells | |
| |
| |
| |
| ATM Service Categories | |
| |
| |
| |
| ATM Connections | |
| |
| |
| |
| ATM Switching | |
| |
| |
| |
| ATM Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Internet Protocol Transport | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Subscriber Access | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integrated Services Digital Network | |
| |
| |
| |
| ISDN Basic Rate Access Architecture | |
| |
| |
| |
| S/T Interface | |
| |
| |
| |
| ISDN U Interface | |
| |
| |
| |
| ISDN D Channel Protocol | |
| |
| |
| |
| High-Data-Rate Digital Subscriber Loops | |
| |
| |
| |
| Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line | |
| |
| |
| |
| VDSL | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Loop Carrier Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Universal Digital Loop Carrier Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Integrated Digital Loop Carrier Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Next-Generation Digital Loop Carrier Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Fiber in the Loop | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hybrid Fiber Coax Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Voiceband Modems | |
| |
| |
| |
| PCM Modems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Local Microwave Distribution Service | |
| |
| |
| |
| Digital Satellite Services | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Traffic Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Traffic Characterization | |
| |
| |
| |
| Arrival Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Holding Time Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Loss Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lost Calls Cleared | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lost Calls Returning | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lost Calls Held | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lost Calls Cleared--Finite Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Lost Calls Held--Finite Sources | |
| |
| |
| |
| Network Blocking Probabilities | |
| |
| |
| |
| End-to-End Blocking Probabilities | |
| |
| |
| |
| Overflow Traffic | |
| |
| |
| |
| Delay Systems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exponential Service Times | |
| |
| |
| |
| Constant Service Times | |
| |
| |
| |
| Finite Queues | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tandem Queues | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Problems | |
| |
| |
| |
| Derivatization of Equations | |
| |
| |
| |
| Encoding/Decoding Algorithms for Segmented PCM | |
| |
| |
| |
| Analytic Fundamentals of Digital Transmission | |
| |
| |
| |
| Traffic Tables | |
| |
| |
| Glossary | |
| |
| |
| Answers to Selected Problems | |
| |
| |
| Index | |