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| Preface to the Second Edition | |
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| Preface to the First Edition | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Colloids | |
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| Macromolecules | |
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| Synthetic Polymers | |
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| Biological Polymers | |
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| Macromolecular Science | |
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| References | |
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| Syntheses of Macromolecular Compounds | |
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| Radical Polymerization | |
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| Complications | |
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| Methods of Free-Radical Polymerization | |
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| Some Well-Known Overall Reactions of Addition Polymers | |
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| Ionic Polymerization | |
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| Anionic Polymerization | |
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| Cationic Polymerization | |
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| Living Polymers | |
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| Coordination Polymerization | |
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| Stepwise Polymerization | |
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| Kinetics of the Syntheses of Polymers | |
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| Condensation Reactions | |
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| Chain Reactions | |
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| Polypeptide Synthesis | |
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| Synthesis of Insulin | |
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| Synthesis of Ribonucleus | |
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| DNA Synthesis | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Distribution of Molecular Weight | |
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| Review of Mathematical Statistics | |
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| Binomial Distribution | |
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| Poisson Distribution | |
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| Gaussian Distribution | |
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| One-Parameter Equation | |
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| Condensation Polymers | |
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| Addition Polymers | |
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| Two-Parameter Equations | |
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| Normal Distribution | |
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| Logarithm Normal Distribution | |
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| Types of Molecular Weight | |
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| Experimental Methods for Determining Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Macromolecular Thermodynamics | |
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| Review of Thermodynamics | |
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| [Delta]S of Mixing: Flory Theory | |
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| [Delta]H of Mixing | |
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| Cohesive Energy Density | |
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| Contact Energy (First-Neighbor Interaction or Energy Due to Contact) | |
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| [Delta]G of Mixing | |
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| Partial Molar Quantities | |
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| Partial Specific Volume | |
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| Chemical Potential | |
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| Thermodynamics of Dilute Polymer Solutions | |
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| Vapor Pressure | |
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| Phase Equilibrium | |
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| Thermodynamics and Critical Phenomena | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Chain Configurations | |
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| Preliminary Descriptions of a Polymer Chain | |
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| Random Walk and the Markov Process | |
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| Random Walk | |
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| Markov Chain | |
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| Random-Flight Chains | |
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| Wormlike Chains | |
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| Flory's Mean-Field Theory | |
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| Perturbation Theory | |
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| First-Order Perturbation Theory | |
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| Cluster Expansion Method | |
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| Chain Crossover and Chain Entanglement | |
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| Concentration Effect | |
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| Temperature Effect | |
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| Tube Theory (Reptation Theory) | |
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| Images of Individual Polymer Chains | |
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| Scaling and Universality | |
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| Scaling Concepts | |
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| Correlation Function | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Liquid Crystals | |
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| Mesogens | |
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| Polymeric Liquid Crystals | |
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| Low-Molecular Weight Liquid Crystals | |
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| Main-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Polymers | |
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| Side-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Polymers | |
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| Segmented-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Polymers | |
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| Shapes of Mesogens | |
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| Liquid-Crystal Phases | |
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| Mesophases in General | |
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| Nematic Phase | |
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| Smectic Phase | |
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| Compounds Representing Some Mesophases | |
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| Shape and Phase | |
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| Decreasing Order and [Delta]H of Phase Transition | |
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| Thermotropic and Lyotropic Liquid Crystals | |
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| Kerr Effect | |
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| Theories of Liquid-Crystalline Ordering | |
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| Rigid-Rod Model | |
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| Lattice Model | |
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| De Genne's Fluctuation Theory | |
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| Current Industrial Applications of Liquid Crystals | |
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| Liquid Crystals Displays | |
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| Electronic Devices | |
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| References | |
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| Rubber Elasticity | |
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| Rubber and Rubberlike Materials | |
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| Network Structure | |
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| Natural Rubber and Synthetic Rubber | |
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| Thermodynamics of Rubber | |
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| Statistical Theory of Rubber Elasticity | |
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| Gels | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Viscosity and Viscoelasticity | |
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| Viscosity | |
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| Capillary Viscometers | |
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| Intrinsic Viscosity | |
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| Treatment of Intrinsic Viscosity Data | |
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| Stokes' Law | |
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| Theories in Relation to Intrinsic Viscosity of Flexible Chains | |
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| Chain Entanglement | |
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| Biological Polymers (Rigid Polymers, Inflexible Chains) | |
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| Viscoelasticity | |
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| Rouse Theory | |
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| Zimm Theory | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Osmotic Pressure | |
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| Osmometers | |
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| Determination of Molecular Weight and Second Virial Coefficient | |
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| Theories of Osmotic Pressure and Osmotic Second Virial Coefficient | |
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| McMillan-Mayer Theory | |
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| Flory Theory | |
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| Flory-Krigbaum Theory | |
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| Kurata-Yamakawa Theory | |
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| des Cloizeaux-de Gennes Scaling Theory | |
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| Scatchard's Equation for Macro Ions | |
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| Ensembles | |
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| Partition Functions | |
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| Mean-Field Theory and Renormalization Group Theory | |
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| Lagrangian Theory | |
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| Green's Function | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Diffusion | |
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| Translational Diffusion | |
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| Fick's First and Second Laws | |
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| Solution to Continuity Equation | |
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| Physical Interpretation of Diffusion: Einstein's Equation of Diffusion | |
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| Size, Shape, and Molecular Weight Determinations | |
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| Size | |
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| Shape | |
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| Molecular Weight | |
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| Concentration Dependence of Diffusion Coefficient | |
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| Scaling Relation for Translational Diffusion Coefficient | |
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| Measurements of Translational Diffusion Coefficient | |
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| Measurement Based on Fick's First Law | |
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| Measurement Based on Fick's Second Law | |
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| Rotational Diffusion | |
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| Flow Birefringence | |
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| Fluorescence Depolarization | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Sedimentation | |
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| Apparatus | |
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| Sedimentation Velocity | |
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| Measurement of Sedimentation Coefficients: Moving-Boundary Method | |
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| Svedberg Equation | |
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| Application of Sedimentation Coefficient | |
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| Sedimentation Equilibrium | |
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| Archibald Method | |
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| Van Holde-Baldwin (Low-Speed) Method | |
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| Yphantis (High-Speed) Method | |
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| Absorption System | |
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| Density Gradient Sedimentation Equilibrium | |
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| Scaling Theory | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism | |
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| Polarized Light | |
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| Optical Rotatory Dispersion | |
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| Circular Dichroism | |
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| Cotton Effect | |
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| Correlation Between ORD and CD | |
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| Comparison of ORD and CD | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Electrophoresis | |
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| High-Performance Liquid Chromatography | |
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| Chromatographic Terms and Parameters | |
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| Theory of Chromatography | |
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| Types of HPLC | |
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| Electrophoresis | |
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| Basic Theory | |
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| General Techniques of Modern Electrophoresis | |
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| Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis | |
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| Southern Blot, Northern Blot, and Western Blot | |
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| Sequencing DNA Fragments | |
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| Isoelectric Focusing and Isotachophoresis | |
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| Field-Flow Fractionation | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Light Scattering | |
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| Rayleigh Scattering | |
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| Fluctuation Theory (Debye) | |
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| Determination of Molecular Weight and Molecular Interaction | |
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| Two-Component Systems | |
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| Multicomponent Systems | |
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| Copolymers | |
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| Correction of Anisotropy and Deporalization of Scattered Light | |
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| Internal Interference | |
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| Determination of Molecular Weight and Radius of Gyration of the Zimm Plot | |
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| Experimental Techniques of the Zimm Plot | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fourier Series | |
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| Preliminaries | |
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| Fourier Series | |
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| Basic Fourier Series | |
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| Fourier Sine Series | |
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| Fourier Cosine Series | |
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| Complex Fourier Series | |
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| Other Forms of Fourier Series | |
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| Conversion of Infinite Series into Integrals | |
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| Fourier Integrals | |
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| Fourier Transforms | |
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| Fourier Transform Pairs | |
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| Convolution | |
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| Definition | |
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| Convolution Theorem | |
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| Convolution and Fourier Theory: Power Theorem | |
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| Extension of Fourier Series and Fourier Transform | |
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| Lorentz Line Shape | |
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| Correlation Function | |
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| Discrete Fourier Transform | |
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| Discrete and Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform | |
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| Application of DFT | |
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| Fast Fourier Transform | |
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| Appendix | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering, Neutron Scattering, and Laser Light Scattering | |
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| Small-Angle X-ray Scattering | |
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| Apparatus | |
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| Guinier Plot | |
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| Correlation Function | |
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| On Size and Shape of Proteins | |
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| Small-Angle Neutron Scattering | |
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| Six Types of Neutron Scattering | |
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| Theory | |
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| Dynamics of a Polymer Solution | |
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| Coherently Elastic Neutron Scattering | |
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| Comparison of Small-Angle Neutron Scattering with Light Scattering | |
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| Contrast Factor | |
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| Lorentzian Shape | |
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| Neutron Spectroscopy | |
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| Laser Light Scattering | |
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| Laser Light-Scattering Experiment | |
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| Autocorrelation and Power Spectrum | |
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| Measurement of Diffusion Coefficient in General | |
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| Application to Study of Polymers in Semidilute Solutions | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Electronic and Infrared Spectroscopy | |
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| Ultraviolet (and Visible) Absorption Spectra | |
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| Lambert-Beer Law | |
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| Terminology | |
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| Synthetic Polymers | |
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| Proteins | |
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| Nucleic Acids | |
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| Fluorescence Spectroscopy | |
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| Fluorescence Phenomena | |
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| Emission and Excitation Spectra | |
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| Quenching | |
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| Energy Transfer | |
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| Polarization and Depolarization | |
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| Infrared Spectroscopy | |
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| Basic Theory | |
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| Absorption Bands: Stretching and Bending | |
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| Infrared Spectroscopy of Synthetic Polymers | |
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| Biological Polymers | |
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| Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Protein Molecules | |
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| Protein Sequence and Structure | |
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| Sequence | |
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| Secondary Structure | |
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| Tertiary Structure | |
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| Quarternary Structure | |
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| Protein Structure Representations | |
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| Representation Symbols | |
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| Representations of Whole Molecule | |
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| Protein Folding and Refolding | |
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| Computer Simulation | |
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| Homolog Modeling | |
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| De Novo Prediction | |
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| Protein Misfolding | |
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| Biological Factor: Chaperones | |
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| Chemical Factor: Intra- and Intermolecular Interactions | |
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| Brain Diseases | |
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| Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics | |
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| Ribosomes: Site and Function of Protein Synthesis | |
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| References | |
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| Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | |
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| General Principles | |
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| Magnetic Field and Magnetic Moment | |
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| Magnetic Properties of Nuclei | |
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| Resonance | |
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| Nuclear Magnetic Resonance | |
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| Chemical Shift ([delta]) and Spin-Spin Coupling Constant (J) | |
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| Relaxation Processes | |
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| Spin-Lattice Relaxation and Spin-Spin Relaxation | |
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| Nuclear Quadrupole Relaxation and Overhauser Effect | |
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| NMR Spectroscopy | |
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| Pulse Fourier Transform Method | |
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| One-Dimensional NMR | |
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| Two-Dimensional NMR | |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | |
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| NMR Spectra of Macromolecules | |
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| Poly(methyl methacrylate) | |
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| Polypropylene | |
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| Deuterium NMR Spectra of Chain Mobility in Polyethylene | |
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| Two-Dimensional NMR Spectra of Poly-[gamma]-benzyl-L-glutamate | |
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| Advances in NMR Since 1994 | |
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| Apparatus | |
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| Techniques | |
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| Two Examples of Protein NMR | |
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| A Membrane Protein | |
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| A Brain Protein: Prion | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| X-Ray Crystallography | |
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| X-Ray Diffraction | |
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| Crystals | |
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| Miller Indices, hkl | |
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| Unit Cells or Crystal Systems | |
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| Crystal Drawing | |
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| Symmetry in Crystals | |
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| Bravais Lattices | |
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| Point Group and Space Group | |
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| Fourier Synthesis | |
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| Atomic Scattering Factor | |
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| Structure Factor | |
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| Fourier Synthesis of Electron Density | |
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| Phase Problem | |
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| Patterson Synthesis | |
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| Direct Method (Karle-Hauptmann Approach) | |
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| Refinement | |
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| Crystal Structure of Macromolecules | |
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| Synthetic Polymers | |
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| Proteins | |
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| DNA | |
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| Advances in X-Ray Crystallography Since 1994 | |
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| X-Ray Sources | |
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| New Instruments | |
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| Structures of Proteins | |
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| Protein Examples: Polymerse and Anthrax | |
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| Neutron Diffraction | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |