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Preface | |
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Concept Clusters | |
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How to Study Astronomy | |
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Changing Conceptions of the Cosmos | |
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From Chaos to Cosmos | |
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The Visible Sky | |
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Constellations | |
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Angular Measurement | |
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Motions of the Stars | |
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The Motions of the Sun | |
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Motions Relative to the Horizon | |
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Motions Relative to the Stars | |
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View from the Southern Hemisphere | |
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The Motions of the Moon | |
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Motions Relative to the Stars | |
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Phases | |
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The Motions of the Planets | |
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Retrograde Motion | |
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Elongations, Conjunctions, and Oppositions | |
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Angular Speed and Relative Distances | |
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Eclipses of the Sun and Moon | |
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Precession of the Equinoxes | |
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Angular Size and Speed | |
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The Birth of Cosmological Models | |
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Scientific Models | |
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Building Models | |
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Evaluation of Models | |
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Greek Models of the Cosmos | |
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Harmony and Geometry | |
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A Physical Geocentric Model | |
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A Contrary View: A Sun-Centered Model | |
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Stellar Parallax in a Finite Cosmos | |
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Expanding the Geocentric Model | |
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Claudius Ptolemy: A Total Geocentric Model | |
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A Geocentric Model Refined | |
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Nonuniform Motion | |
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Ptolemy's Complete Model | |
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The Size of the Cosmos | |
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Model Evaluation | |
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Describing Basic Observations with a Geocentric Model | |
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Surveying the Earth | |
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The New Cosmic Order | |
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Copernicus the Conservative | |
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The Heliocentric Concept | |
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The Plan of De Revolutionibus | |
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The Heliocentric Model of Copernicus | |
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Details of the Model | |
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Retrograde Motion Explained Naturally | |
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Planetary Distances | |
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Relative Distances of the Planets | |
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Problems with the Heliocentric Model | |
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The Impact of the Heliocentric Model | |
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Tycho Brahe: First Master of Astronomical Measurement | |
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The New Star of 1572 | |
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Tycho's Hybrid Model | |
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Johannes Kepler and the Cosmic Harmonies | |
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The Harmonies of the Spheres | |
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Kepler's New Astronomy | |
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The Battle with Mars | |
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Properties of Ellipses | |
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Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion | |
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The New Astronomy | |
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Sidereal and Synodic Periods in a Heliocentric Model | |
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Geometry of Ellipses | |
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The Clockwork Universe | |
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Galileo: Advocate of the Heliocentric Model | |
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The Magical Telescope | |
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The Starry Messenger | |
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Galileo's Discoveries and the Copernican Model | |
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The Crime of Galileo | |
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Galileo and a New Physics of Motion | |
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Acceleration, Velocity, and Speed | |
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Natural Motion Revisited | |
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Forced Motion: Gravity | |
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Planets and Pendulums | |
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Galileo's Cosmology | |
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Newton: A Physical Model of the Cosmos | |
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The Prodigious Young Newton | |
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The Magnificent Principia | |
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Forces and Motions | |
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Newton's Laws of Motion | |
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Newton and Gravitation | |
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Centripetal Acceleration | |
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Newton's Law of Gravitation | |
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Cosmic Consequences of Universal Laws | |
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The Earth's Rotation | |
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Precession of the Earth's Axis | |
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The Earth's Revolution and the Sun's Mass | |
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Gravity and Orbits | |
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Orbits and Escape Speed | |
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Newton's Cosmology | |
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Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration | |
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Newton, the Apple, and the Moon | |
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The Mass of the Sun | |
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Escape Speed | |
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The Birth of Astrophysics | |
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Sunlight and Spectroscopy | |
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Atoms and Matter | |
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A Model of the Atom | |
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Simple Spectroscopy | |
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Analyzing Sunlight | |
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Kirchhoff's Rules | |
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The Conservation of Energy | |
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Kinetic Energy | |
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Potential Energy | |
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Spectra and Atoms | |
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Light and Electromagnetic Radiation | |
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Waves | |
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum | |
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Atoms, Light, and Radiation | |
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Solving the Puzzle of Atomic Spectra | |
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Energy Levels | |
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Other Atoms | |
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Spectra from Atoms | |
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Absorption-Line Spectra | |
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Kinetic Energy | |
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Energy and Light | |
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Telescopes and Our Insight into the Cosmos | |
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Observations and Models | |
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Visible Astronomy: Optical Telescopes | |
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The Basis of Optics | |
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Optics and Images | |
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Telescopes | |
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Functions of a Telescope | |
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Next Generation of Telescopes | |
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New Optical Techniques | |
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Invisible Astronomy | |
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Ground-Based Radio | |
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Resolving Power and Radio Interferometers | |
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Ground-Based Infrared | |
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Space Astronomy | |
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Image Collection and Processing | |
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Understanding Intensity Maps | |
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Photography | |
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Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) | |
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Properties of Telescopes | |
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Einstein's Vision | |
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Natural Motion Reexamined | |
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Newton's Assumptions | |
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Motion and Geometry | |
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The Rise of Relativity | |
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Mass and Energy, Space and Time | |
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The General Theory of Relativity | |
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The Principle of Equivalence | |
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Weightlessness and Natural Motion | |
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The Geometry of Spacetime | |
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Euclidean Geometry | |
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Non-Euclidean Geometry | |
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Local Geometry and Gravity | |
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The Curvature of Spacetime | |
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Spacetime Curvature in the Solar System | |
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Experimental Tests of General Relativity | |
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Geometry and the Universe | |
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Cosmic Geometry | |
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Relativity and the Cosmos | |
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Escape Speed and the Critical Density | |
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The Future of the Universe | |
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The Planets: Past and Present | |
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The Earth: An Evolving Planet | |
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The Mass and Density of the Solid Earth | |
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The Earth's Interior and Age | |
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The Earth's Magnetic Field | |
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Origin | |
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Magnetosphere | |
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The Blanket of the Atmosphere | |
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The Greenhouse Effect | |
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Atmospheric Circulation | |
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The Evolution of the Crust | |
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Planetary Evolution and Energy | |
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Volcanism and Plate Tectonics | |
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Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans | |
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Origin and Development of the Oceans | |
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Evolution of the Atmosphere | |
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Evolution of the Earth's Surface Temperature | |
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The Earth's Evolution: The Big Picture | |
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Models of Planets | |
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Radioactivity and the Dating of Rocks | |
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Moon and Mercury, Mars and Venus: Terrestrial Planets | |
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General Orbital and Physical Characteristics | |
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Moon | |
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Mercury | |
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Mars | |
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Venus | |
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Surface Environments | |
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Moon | |
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Mercury | |
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Mars | |
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Venus | |
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The Active Surface of Venus | |
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Magnetic Fields | |
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Moon | |
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Mercury | |
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Mars | |
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Venus | |
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History and Evolution | |
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Moon | |
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Mercury | |
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Mars | |
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Venus | |
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Tides and Tidal Friction | |
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Distances in the Solar System | |
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Impact Cratering | |
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The Jovian Planets: Primitive Worlds | |
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Jupiter: Lord of the Heavens | |
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Physical Characteristics | |
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Atmospheric Features and Composition | |
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A Model of the Interior | |
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Magnetic Field | |
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The Many Moons and Rings of Jupiter | |
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Io | |
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Europa | |
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Ganymede | |
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Callisto | |
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The Rings of Jupiter | |
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Saturn: Jewel of the Solar System | |
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Atmosphere and Interior | |
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Similarities to Jupiter | |
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The Moons and Rings of Saturn | |
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Titan | |
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Other Moons | |
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Ring System | |
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Uranus: The First New World | |
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Atmospheric and Physical Features | |
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Moons and Rings | |
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Magnetic Field | |
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Neptune: Guardian of the Deep | |
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Physical Properties | |
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Moons and Rings | |
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Atmospheric Features | |
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Magnetic Field | |
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Pluto and Charon: Guardians of the Dark | |
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Orbital and Physical Properties | |
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Charon: Pluto's Companion Planet | |
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The Doppler Shift | |
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The Origin and Evolution of the Solar System | |
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Debris between the Planets: Asteroids | |
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Asteroids: Minor Planets | |
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Composition | |
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Comets: Snowballs in Space | |
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Composition | |
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Orbits | |
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The Comet Cloud | |
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Interactions with the Solar Wind | |
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Halley's Comet | |
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Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 and the Great Comet Crash on Jupiter | |
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Meteors and Meteorites | |
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Types of Meteorites | |
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Origin of Meteorites | |
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Pieces and Puzzles of the Solar System | |
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Chemistry | |
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Dynamics | |
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Models of Origin | |
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Basics of Nebular Models | |
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Angular Momentum | |
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Heating of the Nebula | |
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The Formation of the Planets | |
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Making Planets | |
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Chemistry and Origin | |
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Jupiter and Saturn: A Different Story? | |
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Our Moon: A Different Story! | |
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Evaluation of the Nebular Model | |
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Momentum and Angular Momentum | |
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The Universe of Stars | |
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Our Sun: Local Star | |
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A Solar Physical Checkup | |
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How Far? | |
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How Big? | |
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How Massive? | |
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How Dense? | |
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Ordinary Gases | |
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Temperature | |
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Pressure | |
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The Sun's Continuous Spectrum | |
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Luminosity | |
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Surface Temperature and Blackbody Radiators | |
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Opacity | |
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The Solar Absorption-Line Spectrum | |
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The Origin of Absorption Lines | |
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The Chemical Composition of the Photosphere | |
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Energy Flow in the Sun | |
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Conduction, Convection, Radiation | |
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Photosphere | |
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Chromosphere | |
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Corona | |
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Solar Wind | |
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The Solar Interior | |
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Energy Sources | |
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Nuclear Transformations | |
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Fusion Reactions | |
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Solar Neutrino Problem | |
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Solar Vibrations and Interior | |
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The Active Sun | |
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Sunspots | |
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Sunspot Cycle | |
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Physical Nature of Sunspots | |
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Flares | |
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Coronal Loops and Holes | |
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The Sun's Luminosity | |
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Emission from Blackbodies | |
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The Stars as Suns | |
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Some Messages of Starlight | |
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Brightness and Flux | |
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Flux and Luminosity | |
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The Inverse-Square Law for Light | |
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Stellar Distances: Parallaxes | |
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Stellar Colors, Temperatures, and Sizes | |
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Color and Temperature | |
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Temperature and Radius | |
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Direct Measurement of Diameters | |
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Spectral Classification of Stars | |
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Temperature and the Balmer Lines | |
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Spectral Classification | |
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The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram | |
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Temperature versus Luminosity | |
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Spectroscopic Distances | |
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Weighing and Sizing Stars: Binary Systems | |
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Binary Stars | |
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Spectroscopic Binary Systems | |
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The Mass-Luminosity Relation for Main-Sequence Stars | |
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Stellar Densities | |
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Stellar Lifetimes | |
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Flux and Magnitude | |
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Heliocentric (Trigonometric) Stellar Parallax | |
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Starbirth and Interstellar Matter | |
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The Interstellar Medium: Gas | |
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Bright Nebulas | |
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Interstellar Atoms | |
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21-cm Emission from Atomic Hydrogen | |
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Clouds and Intercloud Gas | |
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Interstellar Molecules | |
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Molecular Clouds | |
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The Interstellar Medium: Dust | |
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Cosmic Dust | |
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Dust and Infrared Observations | |
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The Nature of Interstellar Dust | |
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Dust and the Formation of Molecules | |
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Formation of Cosmic Dust | |
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Starbirth: Theoretical Ideas | |
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Collapse Models | |
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Protostar Formation | |
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Collapse with Rotation | |
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Starbirth: Observational Clues | |
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Signposts for the Birth of Massive Stars | |
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The Birth of Massive Stars | |
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The Birth of Solar-Mass Stars | |
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Molecular Outflows and Starbirth | |
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Planetary Systems? | |
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Brown Dwarfs: Failed Stars | |
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Neighboring Planetary Systems: Found! | |
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Center-of-Mass Motions | |
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Doppler Shift Detections | |
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Emission Nebulas: Forbidden Lines | |
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Star Lives | |
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Stellar Evolution and the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram | |
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Classifying Objects | |
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Time and the H-R Diagram | |
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Stellar Anatomy | |
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Pressure and Energy Balance | |
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Energy Transport | |
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Star Models | |
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Goals of Models | |
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General Results | |
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Energy Generation and the Chemical Compositions of Stars | |
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Hydrogen Burning | |
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Helium and Carbon Burning | |
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Theoretical Evolution of a 1-Solar-Mass Star | |
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Evolution to the Main Sequence | |
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Evolution on the Main Sequence | |
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Evolution off the Main Sequence | |
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Evolution to the End | |
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The Fate of the Earth | |
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Lower-Mass Stars | |
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Chemical Composition and Evolution | |
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Theoretical Evolution of Massive Stars | |
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Evolution of a 5-Solar-Mass Star | |
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More Massive Stars | |
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Observational Evidence for Stellar Evolution | |
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Stars in Groups | |
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Globular Clusters | |
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Stellar Populations | |
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Comparison with the H-R Diagram of Clusters | |
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Variable Stars | |
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Central Stars of Planetary Nebulas | |
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The Synthesis of Elements in Stars | |
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Nucleosynthesis in Red Giant Stars | |
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Degenerate Gases | |
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Stardeath | |
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White Dwarf Stars: Common Corpses | |
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Physics of Dense Gases | |
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White Dwarfs in Theory | |
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Observations of White Dwarfs | |
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Neutron Stars: Compact Corpses | |
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Degenerate Neutron Gases | |
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Physical Properties | |
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Novas: Mild Stellar Explosions | |
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Ordinary Novas | |
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A Nova Model | |
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Supernovas: Cataclysmic Explosions | |
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Classifying Supernovas | |
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The Origin of Supernovas | |
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Supernova 1987A | |
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Supernova Remnants | |
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The Crab Nebula: A Supernova Remnant | |
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The Manufacture of Heavy Elements | |
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Nucleosythesis in Stars | |
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Nucleosynthesis in a Supernova | |
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Other Sites of Nucleosynthesis | |
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Pulsars: Neutron Stars in Rotation | |
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Observed Characteristics | |
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Clock Mechanism | |
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Pulsars and Supernovas | |
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A Lighthouse Model for Pulsars | |
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Binary Radio Pulsars | |
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Very Fast Pulsars | |
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Pulsars with Planets | |
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Black Holes: The Ultimate Corpses | |
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The Schwarzschild Radius | |
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The Singularity | |
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Perilous Journey into a Black Hole | |
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Observing Black Holes | |
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Binary X-Ray Sources | |
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Observing Black Holes | |
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High-Energy Bursters Everywhere! | |
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X-Ray Bursters | |
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Gamma-Ray Bursters: Mystery Solved? | |
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Thermal and Nonthermal (Synchrotron) Emission | |
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Galaxies and Cosmic Evolution | |
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The Evolution of the Galaxy | |
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The Galaxy's Overall Structure | |
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Galactic Rotation: Matter in Motion | |
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The Sun's Speed around the Galaxy | |
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The Sun's Distance from the Center | |
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Rotation Curve and the Galaxy's Mass | |
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Galactic Structure from Optical Observations | |
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Spiral Tracers and Spiral Structure | |
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Optical Maps of Spiral Structure | |
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Exploring Galactic Structure by Radio Astronomy | |
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Radial Velocities and Rotation | |
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Radio Maps of Spiral Structure | |
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The Evolution of Spiral Structure | |
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The Windup Problem | |
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The Density-Wave Model | |
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Status of the Density-Wave Model | |
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The Heart of the Galaxy | |
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Radio Observations | |
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Infrared Observations | |
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X-Rays | |
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The Inner 30 Light Years | |
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Does a Black Hole Lurk in the Core? | |
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The Halo of the Galaxy | |
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Globular Clusters | |
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Other Material in the Halo | |
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A History of Our Galaxy | |
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Populations and Positions | |
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The Birth of the Galaxy | |
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The Mass of the Galaxy | |
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The Universe of Galaxies | |
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The Extragalactic Debate | |
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Basic Arguments | |
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The Debate's Resolution | |
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Normal Galaxies: A Galaxian Zoo | |
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Ellipticals | |
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Disks (Spirals) | |
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Irregulars | |
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Luminosity Classes | |
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Surveying the Universe of Galaxies | |
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Judging Distances | |
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Distance Indicators | |
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Hubble's Law and Distances | |
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Redshifts and Distances | |
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"Age" of the Cosmos | |
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An Accelerating Expansion? | |
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General Characteristics of Galaxies | |
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Size | |
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Mass | |
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Luminosities | |
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Mass-Luminosity Ratios | |
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Colors | |
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Spin | |
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Clusters of Galaxies | |
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The Local Group | |
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Other Clusters of Galaxies | |
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Clusters and the Luminosity of Galaxies | |
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Interacting Galaxies | |
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Superclusters and Voids | |
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The Cosmic Tapestry | |
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Intergalactic Medium and Dark Matter | |
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Hubble's Constant and the Age of the Universe | |
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Cosmic Violence | |
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Violent Activity in Galaxies | |
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Evidence of Violence in Our Galaxy | |
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Synchrotron Emission Revisited | |
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Active Galaxies | |
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Radio Galaxies | |
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Two High-Profile Active Galaxies | |
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Structures of Radio Emission | |
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Seyfert Galaxies and BL Lacertae Objects | |
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Seyfert Galaxies | |
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BL Lacertae Objects | |
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Quasars: Unraveling the Mystery | |
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Quasar Redshifts | |
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General Observed Properties | |
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The Light from Quasars | |
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Line Spectra | |
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Variability in Luminosity | |
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Grand Illusions: Gravitational Lenses | |
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Troubles with Quasars | |
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Energy Sources in Quasars | |
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A Generic Quasar and AGN Model | |
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A Model for Quasars and AGNs | |
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The Host Galaxies for Quasars | |
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Faster Than Light? | |
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Cosmic History | |
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Cosmological Assumptions and Observations | |
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Assumptions | |
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Observations | |
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A Brief Review of Cosmology | |
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The Basic Big Bang Model | |
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The Cosmic Background Radiation | |
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Discovery! | |
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Confirmation! | |
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Properties | |
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The Primeval Fireball | |
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The Hot Start | |
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Creation of Matter from Photons | |
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Temperature Greater than 10[superscript 12] K | |
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Temperature about 10[superscript 12] K | |
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Temperature about 10[superscript 9] K | |
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Temperature about 3000 K | |
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Evidence for the Big Bang | |
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The End of Time? | |
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From Big Bang to Galaxies | |
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Elementary Particles and the Cosmos | |
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The Forces of Nature | |
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GUTs and the Cosmos | |
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GUTs and Galaxy Formation | |
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The Inflationary Universe | |
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The Flatness Problem | |
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The Horizon Problem | |
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Units | |
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Planetary Data | |
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Physical Constants and Astronomical Data | |
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Nearby Stars in the Hipparcos Catalogue | |
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The Most Luminous Stars in the Hipparcos Catalogue | |
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Periodic Table of the Elements | |
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Expanded Glossary | |
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Index | |