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| Introduction: The Scientific Study Of Personality. | |
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| Three Research Traditions | |
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| The Clinical Approach to Personality | |
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| The Clinical Approach: An Illustration | |
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| Strenghts and Limitations of the Clinical Approach | |
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| The Correlational Approach to Personality | |
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| Sir Francis Galton and His Followers | |
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| The Five-Factor Model of Personality | |
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| Two Illustrations of the Correlational Approach: The Development of Measures of Satisfaction with Life and of Optimism | |
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| Strengths and Limitations of the Correlational Approach | |
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| The Experimental Approach to Personality | |
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| Cognitive Approaches | |
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| The Experimental Approach: An Illustration | |
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| Strengths and Limitations of the Experimental Approach | |
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| Strengths and Limitations of the Three Approaches | |
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| Shared Goals, Divergent Paths, and Agreement among Data Sources | |
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| Major Concepts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Units Of Personality | |
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| Trait Units Of Personality. | |
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| The Trait Psychology Of Gordon W. Allport | |
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| The Trait Psychology Of Raymond B. Cattell | |
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| The Trait Psychology Of Hans J. Eysenck | |
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| The Five-Factor Model (Ffm) | |
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| Validating Evidence | |
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| Cross-Cultural Agreement on Factors | |
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| Self-Ratings and Ratings by Others | |
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| Connections to Biology: Genetics, Evolution, Neuroscience | |
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| Diagnosis of Personality Disorders | |
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| Predictive Utility | |
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| Early Temperament And Personality Development | |
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| Consistency Of Personality And The Person-Situation Controversy | |
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| Implications for the Prediction of Behavior | |
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| A Critical Overview Of Traits And Factor Analysis | |
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| What Is a Trait? | |
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| How Many Traits? Which Ones? Is That All There Is? | |
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| The Method--Factor Analysis | |
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| Description or Explanation? | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Major Concepts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Cognitive Units Of Personality. | |
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| The Concept Of Cognitive Style | |
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| Two Precognitive Revolution Theorists: Kelly And Rotter | |
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| Kelly's Personal Construct Theory | |
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| Rotter's Social Learning Theory | |
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| Two Postcognitive Revolution Theorists: Mischel And Bandura | |
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| Mischel's Cognitive Social Learning Theory | |
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| Research Illustrating Situational Specificity | |
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| Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory | |
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| Is a Trait-Social Cognitive Rapprochement Possible? | |
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| Additional Cognitive Units: Schema, Attributions, And Beliefs | |
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| Schema | |
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| Attributions-Explanations | |
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| Beliefs | |
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| Cognitive Neuroscience | |
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| Cognition And Culture | |
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| Analysis Of Cognitive Units | |
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| Major Concepts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Motivational Units Of Personality. | |
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| Pitchfork-Drive Theories Of Motivation | |
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| Freud's Drive Theory | |
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| Stimulus-Response Theory | |
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| Murray's Need-Press Model | |
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| Festinger's Theory of Cognitive Dissonance | |
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| Carrot-Incentive Theories Of Motivation | |
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| Historical Note | |
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| Current Work in Goal Theory | |
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| Cognitive Theories Of Motivation: Kelly's Jackass | |
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| Kelly's Emphasis on Anticipating Events | |
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| Attributional Models | |
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| Weiner's Attributional Model | |
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| Dweck's Model of Implicit Beliefs about the Self and the World | |
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| Growth, Self-Actualization Theories Of Motivation | |
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| Are There Universal Human Needs Or Motives? | |
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| Comments On Motivational Units | |
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| Relationships Among The Units Of Personality: Traits, Cognitions, And Motives | |
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| Major Concepts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Personality Development | |
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| The Nature And Nurture Of Personality. | |
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| The Nature Of Personality: Evolution And Genetics | |
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| Three Founders: Darwin, Mendel, and Galton | |
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| Evolutionary, Ultimate Explanations | |
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| Male-Female Mate Preferences | |
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| Male-Female Differences in Causes of Jealousy | |
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| Evolutionary Explanations | |
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| Genetic, Proximate Explanations | |
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| Behavioral Genetics | |
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| The Nature of Nurture: The Effects of Genes on Environments | |
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| The Nurture Of Personality | |
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| Shared and Nonshared Environments | |
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| Does Parenting Matter? The Case for Familial Influence | |
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| The Nature And Nurture Of Personality: Update And Conclusion | |
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| Major Concepts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Charting People's Lives Over Time. | |
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| Stage Theories Of Personality | |
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| Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development | |
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| Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development | |
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| Critique of Stage Theories of Development | |
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| Longitudinal Studies Of Development | |
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| Stability and Change in Personality Development | |
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| Illustrative Longitudinal Studies | |
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| Magnusson's Swedish Study of Individual Development and Adjustment (IDA) | |
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| The Longitudinal Research of Jack and Jeanne Block | |
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| The Minnesota Parent-Child Project | |
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| Additional Longitudinal Evidence of Relative Stability and Relative Change | |
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| Stability-Continuity Of Personality: Two Opposing Points Of View | |
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| Some Thoughts On Stability And Change In Personality And The Question Of Process | |
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| Major Concepts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Topics In Personality Research | |
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| The Unconscious | |
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| Illustrative Phenomena | |
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| Brief Historical Overview | |
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| The Dynamic Unconscious Of Psychoanalysis | |
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| Evidence for the Mechanisms of Defense | |
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| Explaining the Dynamic Unconscious | |
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| The Cognitive Unconscious | |
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| Unconscious Influences on Memory and Perception | |
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| Unconscious Influences on Feelings, Attitudes, and Behaviors toward Others | |
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| Chronically Accessible Constructs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Comparison Of The Dynamic And Cognitive Views Of The Unconscious | |
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| Implications For The Use Of Self-Report Measures | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Major Concepts | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Concept Of The Self. | |
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| Why Study The Concept Of The Self? | |
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| The Waxing And Waning Of Interest In The Self: A Historical Perspective | |
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| Development Of The Self | |
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| The Self as Separate from Other People and Objects: Self-Perception | |
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| The Development of Self-Consciousness | |
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| Summary of the Developmental Perspective | |
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| Three Views Of The Structure Of The Self | |
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| The Phenomenological Theory of Carl Rogers | |
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| The Psychoanalytic Concept of the Self | |
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| Sullivan's Interpersonal School of Psychiatry | |
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| Object Relations Theory | |
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| Social Cognitive View of the Self | |
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| Motivational Processes Relevant to the Self: Self-Verification and Self-Enhancement | |
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| Comparison of the Social Cognitive and Psychoanalytic Views of the Self | |
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| Individual Differences In The Self And Self-Processes | |
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| Bandura's Self-Efficacy Concept | |
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| Carver and Scheier's Control Theory and Private versus Public Self-Consciousness | |
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| Higgin's Theory of Self-Guides | |
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| Self-Esteem | |
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| Neuroscience And The Self | |
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| Culture And The Self | |
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| Final Reflections On The Self | |
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| Major Concepts | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Path From Thinking To Action. | |
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| Rational Choice Behavior: Expectancy X Value Theory | |
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| Tolman's Model of Purposive Behavior | |
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| Lewin's Level of Aspiration Research | |
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| Rotter's Expectancy-Value Model | |
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| The Stasis And Flow Of Behavior: Toward A Theory Of Goals | |
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| Goals, Self-Regulation, And Action: Programs Of Research | |
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| Bandura's Model of Goals-Standards and Self-Regulation | |
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| Personal Projects, Personal Strivings, and Life Tasks | |
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| Little's Research on Personal Projects | |
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| Emmons's Research on Personal Strivings | |
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| Cantor's Research on Life Tasks | |
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| Approach-Avoidance Goals and Promotion-Prevention Focus | |
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| Common Elements, Differences, and Unanswered Questions | |
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| Breakdowns In Self-Regulation And The Problem Of Volition | |
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| Major Concepts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Emotion, Adaptation, And Health. | |
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| Affect Within The Context Of Traditional Personality Theory | |
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| Psychoanalytic Theory | |
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| Phenomenological Theory: Carl Rogers | |
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| Trait Theory | |
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| Social Cognitive, Information-Processing Theory | |
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| A Central Role for Affect in Personality | |
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| Basic Emotions Theory | |
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| Two Emotion-Motivation Systems | |
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| The Biology Of Emotion | |
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| Culture And Emotion | |
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| Emotion Regulation, Coping With Stress, And Adaptation | |
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| Emotion Regulation | |
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| Stress and Coping | |
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| Coping and the Mechanisms of Defense | |
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| Emotion, Adaptation, And Health | |
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| Optimism and Health: The Power of Positive Thinking | |
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| Neuroticism and Negative Affectivity | |
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| Suppression versus Expression of thoughts and Emotions | |
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| Wegner's Research on the Effects of Thought Suppression | |
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| Pennebaker's Research on the Effects of the Inhibition and Disclosure of Emotion | |
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| Summary | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Major Concepts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Maladaptive Personality Functioning And Processes Of Change. | |
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| Descroption, Explanation, And Prescroption | |
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| Trait Theory | |
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| Eysenck's Trait Theory | |
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| The Five-Factor Model (FFM) and Personality Disorders | |
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| Two Illustrative Applications | |
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| Applications to Problematic Interpersonal Behavior | |
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| Description, Explanation, and Prescription and the Five-Factor Model | |
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| The Trait Model of Personality Disorders: Summary | |
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| Psychoanalytic Theory | |
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| Psychopathology | |
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| Object Relations Theory | |
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| Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Comparison with Trait Theory | |
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| Object Relations, Attachment, and Depression | |
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| Therapeutic Change | |
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| Description, Explanation, and Prescription and the Psychoanalytic Model | |
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| Social Cognitive/Information-Processing Approaches | |
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| Kelly's Personal Construct Theory | |
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| Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory | |
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| Beck's Cognitive Theory and Therapy | |
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| Outcome Research | |
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| Cognitive Therapy: Past, Present, and Future | |
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| Social Cognitive Mechanisms in Psychopathology | |
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| Description, Explanation, and Prescription and the Cognitive Model | |
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| Issues Relevant To The Analysis Of Maladaptive Functioning And Therapeutic Change | |
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| Situation, Domain Specificity | |
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| System Functioning | |
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| Emphasis on Unconscious Influences | |
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| Cognition, Affect, and Behavior | |
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| Changes Produced and Processes of Change | |
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| Comparison Of The Alternative Models | |
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| Biological And Cultural Aspects Of Maladaptive Personality Functioning And Personality Change | |
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| Major Concepts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Personality Assessment. | |
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| The Assessment Of Men By The Staff Of The Office Of Strategic Services | |
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| Types Of Personality Data | |
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| A Return To Consideration Of Reliability And Validity | |
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| Some Questions Relevant To Personality Assessment | |
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| Relations between Self and Observer Ratings | |
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| The Potential for Deception | |
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| The Relation of Fantasy to Behavior, of Explicit Measures to Implicit Measures | |
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| Utility for Prediction | |
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| Diversity and Personality Assessment | |
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| The Relationship Between Personality Theory And Personality Assessment | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Major Concepts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Conclusion: Current Issues And The Prospects For The Science Of Personality. | |
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| A Definition Of Personality | |
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| Research Strategies | |
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| Specificity Versus Generality | |
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| Nature And Nurture, Genes And Culture | |
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| Malleability-Fixity, Stability-Change | |
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| Range Of Convenience And Focus Of Convenience | |
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| Bandwidth And Fidelity | |
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| Social And Political Aspects Of Personality Theory And Research | |
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| Current Areas Of Interest | |
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| Prospects For The Future | |
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| Summary | |