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| Foreword | |
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| References | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Need for Oversampling Converters | |
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| Delta and Delta-Sigma Modulation | |
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| Higher-Order Single-Stage Noise-Shaping Modulators | |
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| Multi-Stage (Cascade, MASH) Modulators | |
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| Bandpass [Delta Sigma] Modulators | |
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| [Delta Sigma] Modulators with Multi-Bit Quantizers | |
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| Delta-Sigma Digital-to-Analog Converters | |
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| History; Performance and Architecture Trends | |
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| The First-Order Delta Sigma Modulator | |
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| Quantizers and Quantization Noise | |
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| Binary Quantization | |
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| MOD1 as an ADC | |
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| MOD1 as a DAC | |
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| MOD1 Linear Model | |
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| Simulation of MOD1 | |
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| MOD1 under DC Excitation | |
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| Idle Tone Generation | |
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| Graphical Visualization | |
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| Stability of MOD1 | |
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| The Effects of Finite Op-Amp Gain | |
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| Linear Systems Perspective-Degraded Noise Shaping | |
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| Nonlinear Systems Perspective-Dead Zones | |
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| Decimation Filters for MOD1 | |
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| The Sinc Filter [9] | |
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| The Sinc[superscript 2] Filter | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The Second-Order Delta-Sigma Modulator | |
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| The Second-Order Modulator: MOD2 | |
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| Simulation of MOD2 | |
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| Nonlinear Effects in MOD2 | |
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| Signal-dependent quantizer gain | |
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| Stability of MOD2 | |
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| Dead-band behavior | |
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| Alternative Second-Order Modulator Structures | |
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| The Boser-Wooley Modulator | |
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| The Silva-Steensgaard Structure | |
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| The Error-Feedback Structure | |
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| Generalized Second-Order Structures | |
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| Optimal Second-Order Modulator | |
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| Decimation Filtering for Second-Order [Delta Sigma] Modulators | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Higher-Order Delta-Sigma Modulation | |
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| High-Order Single-Quantizer Modulators | |
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| Stability Considerations in High-Order Modulators | |
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| Single-Bit Modulators | |
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| Multi-Bit Modulators [12] | |
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| Optimization of the NTF Zeros and Poles | |
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| NTF Zero Optimization | |
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| NTF Pole Optimization | |
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| Loop Filter Architectures | |
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| Loop Filters with Distributed Feedback and Input Coupling- The CIFB and CRFB Structures | |
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| Loop Filters with Distributed Feedforward and Input Coupling- The CIFF and CRFF Structures | |
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| Multi-Stage Modulators | |
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| The Leslie-Singh (L-O Cascade) Structure [16] | |
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| Cascade (MASH) Modulators | |
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| Noise Leakage in Cascade Modulators | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Bandpass and Quadrature Delta-Sigma Modulation | |
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| The Need for Bandpass and Quadrature Modulation | |
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| Bandpass NTF Selection | |
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| Pseudo N-path transformation | |
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| Architectures for Bandpass Delta-Sigma Modulators | |
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| Topology Choices | |
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| Resonator Implementations | |
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| Bandpass Modulator Example | |
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| Quadrature Signals | |
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| Quadrature Modulation | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Implementation Considerations For [Delta Sigma] ADCs | |
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| Modulators with Multi-Bit Internal Quantizers | |
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| Dual-Quantizer Modulators | |
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| Dual-Quantization MASH Structure | |
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| Dual-Quantization Single-Stage Structure | |
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| Dynamic Element Randomization | |
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| Mismatch Error Shaping | |
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| Element Rotation or Data-Weighted Averaging | |
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| Individual Level Averaging | |
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| Vector-Based Mismatch Shaping | |
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| Element Selection Using a Tree Structure | |
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| Digital Correction of DAC Nonlinearity | |
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| Digitally-Corrected Multi-Bit [Delta Sigma] Modulator with Power-Up Calibration | |
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| Digitally-Corrected Multi-Bit [Delta Sigma] ADC with Background Calibration | |
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| Continuous-Time Implementations | |
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| A Continuous-Time Implementation of MOD2 | |
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| Inherent Anti-Aliasing in CT [Delta Sigma] ADCs | |
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| Design Issues for Continuous-Time Modulators | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Delta-Sigma DACs | |
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| System Architectures for [Delta Sigma] DACs | |
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| Loop configurations for [Delta Sigma] DACs | |
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| Single-Stage Delta-Sigma Loops | |
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| The Error Feedback Structure | |
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| Cascade (MASH) Structures | |
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| [Delta Sigma] DACs Using Multi-Bit Internal DACs | |
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| Dual-Truncation DAC Structures | |
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| Multi-bit Delta-Sigma DACs with Mismatch Error Shaping | |
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| Digital Correction of Multi-Bit Delta-Sigma DACs | |
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| Comparison of Single-Bit and Multi-Bit [Delta Sigma] DACs | |
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| Interpolation Filtering for [Delta Sigma] DACs | |
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| Analog Post-Filters for [Delta Sigma] DACs | |
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| Analog Post-Filtering in Single-Bit [Delta Sigma] DACs | |
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| Analog Post-Filtering in Multi-Bit [Delta Sigma] DACs | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| High-Level Design and Simulation | |
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| NTF Synthesis | |
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| How synthesizeNTF works | |
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| Limitations of synthesizeNTF | |
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| NTF Simulation, SQNR Calculation and Spectral Estimation | |
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| NTF Realization and Dynamic Range Scaling | |
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| The ABCD Matrix | |
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| Creating a SPICE-Simulatable Schematic | |
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| Voltage Scaling | |
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| Timing | |
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| kT/C Noise | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Example Modulator Systems | |
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| SCMOD2: General-Purpose Second-Order Switched-Capacitor ADC | |
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| System Design | |
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| Timing | |
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| Scaling | |
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| Verification | |
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| Capacitor Sizing | |
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| Circuit Design | |
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| SCMOD5: A Fifth-Order Single-Bit Noise-Shaping Loop | |
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| NTF and Architecture Selection | |
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| Implementation | |
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| Instability and Reset | |
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| A Wideband 2-0 Cascade System | |
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| Architecture | |
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| Implementation | |
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| A Micropower Continuous-Time ADC | |
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| High-Level Design | |
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| Circuit Design | |
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| A Continuous-Time Bandpass ADC | |
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| Architecture/Analysis | |
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| Subcircuits | |
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| Audio DAC | |
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| Modulator Design | |
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| Interpolation Filter Design | |
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| DAC and Reconstruction Filter Design | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The ADC State-of-the-Art | |
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| FOM Justification | |
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| References | |
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| Spectral Estimation | |
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| Windowing | |
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| Scaling and Noise Bandwidth | |
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| Averaging | |
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| An Example | |
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| Mathematical Background | |
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| The Delta-Sigma Toolbox | |
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| Demonstrations and Examples | |
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| Summary of Key Functions | |
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| synthesizeNTF | |
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| predictSNR | |
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| simulateDSM | |
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| simulateSNR | |
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| realizeNTF | |
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| stuffABCD, mapABCD | |
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| scaleABCD | |
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| calculateTF | |
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| simulateESL | |
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| designHBF | |
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| simulateHBF | |
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| findPIS | |
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| Modulator Model Details | |
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| Noise in Switched-Capacitor Delta-Sigma Data Converters | |
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| Noise Effects in CMOS Op Amps | |
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| Sampled Thermal Noise | |
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| Noise Effects in an SC Integrator | |
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| Integrator Noise Analysis Example | |
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| Noise Effects in Delta-Sigma ADC Loops | |