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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Soil Behavior in Civil and Environmental Engineering | |
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| Scope and Organization | |
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| Getting Started | |
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| Soil Formation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Earth's Crust | |
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| Geologic Cycle and Geological Time | |
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| Rock and Mineral Stability | |
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| Weathering | |
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| Origin of Clay Minerals and Clay Genesis | |
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| Soil Profiles and Their Development | |
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| Sediment Erosion, Transport, and Deposition | |
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| Postdepositional Changes in Sediments | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Soil Mineralogy | |
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| Importance of Soil Mineralogy in Geotechnical Engineering | |
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| Atomic Structure | |
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| Interatomic Bonding | |
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| Secondary Bonds | |
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| Crystals and Their Properties | |
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| Crystal Notation | |
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| Factors Controlling Crystal Structures | |
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| Silicate Crystals | |
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| Surfaces | |
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| Gravel, Sand, and Silt Particles | |
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| Soil Minerals and Materials Formed by Biogenic and Geochemical Processes | |
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| Summary of Nonclay Mineral Characteristics | |
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| Structural Units of the Layer Silicates | |
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| Synthesis Pattern and Classification of the Clay Minerals | |
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| Intersheet and Interlayer Bonding in the Clay Minerals | |
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| The 1:1 Minerals | |
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| Smectite Minerals | |
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| Micalike Clay Minerals | |
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| Other Clay Minerals | |
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| Summary of Clay Mineral Characteristics | |
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| Determination of Soil Composition | |
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| X-ray Diffraction Analysis | |
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| Other Methods for Compositional Analysis | |
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| Quantitative Estimation of Soil Components | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Soil Composition and Engineering Properties | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Approaches to the Study of Composition and Property Interrelationships | |
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| Engineering Properties of Granular Soils | |
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| Dominating Influence of the Clay Phase | |
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| Atterberg Limits | |
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| Activity | |
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| Influences of Exchangeable Cations and pH | |
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| Engineering Properties of Clay Minerals | |
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| Effects of Organic Matter | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Soil Fabric and Its Measurement | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Definitions of Fabrics and Fabric Elements | |
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| Single-Grain Fabrics | |
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| Contact Force Characterization Using Photoelasticity | |
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| Multigrain Fabrics | |
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| Voids and Their Distribution | |
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| Sample Acquisition and Preparation for Fabric Analysis | |
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| Methods for Fabric Study | |
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| Pore Size Distribution Analysis | |
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| Indirect Methods for Fabric Characterization | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Soil-Water-Chemical Interactions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nature of Ice and Water | |
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| Influence of Dissolved Ions on Water | |
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| Mechanisms of Soil-Water Interaction | |
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| Structure and Properties of Adsorbed Water | |
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| Clay-Water-Electrolyte System | |
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| Ion Distributions in Clay-Water Systems | |
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| Elements of Double-Layer Theory | |
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| Influences of System Variables on the Double Layer | |
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| Limitations of the Gouy-Chapman Diffuse Double Layer Model | |
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| Energy and Force of Repulsion | |
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| Long-Range Attraction | |
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| Net Energy of Interaction | |
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| Cation Exchange-General Considerations | |
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| Theories for Ion Exchange | |
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| Soil-Inorganic Chemical Interactions | |
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| Clay-Organic Chemical Interactions | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Effective, Intergranular, and Total Stress | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Principle of Effective Stress | |
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| Force Distributions in a Particulate System | |
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| Interparticle Forces | |
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| Intergranular Pressure | |
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| Water Pressures and Potentials | |
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| Water Pressure Equilibrium in Soil | |
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| Measurement of Pore Pressures in Soils | |
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| Effective and Intergranular Pressure | |
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| Assessment of Terzaghi's Equation | |
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| Water-Air Interactions in Soils | |
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| Effective Stress in Unsaturated Soils | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Soil Deposits-Their Formation, Structure, Geotechnical Properties, and Stability | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Structure Development | |
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| Residual Soils | |
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| Surficial Residual Soils and Taxonomy | |
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| Terrestrial Deposits | |
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| Mixed Continental and Marine Deposits | |
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| Marine Deposits | |
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| Chemical and Biological Deposits | |
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| Fabric, Structure, and Property Relationships: General Considerations | |
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| Soil Fabric and Property Anisotropy | |
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| Sand Fabric and Liquefaction | |
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| Sensitivity and Its Causes | |
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| Property Interrelationships in Sensitive Clays | |
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| Dispersive Clays | |
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| Slaking | |
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| Collapsing Soils and Swelling Soils | |
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| Hard Soils and Soft Rocks | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Conduction Phenomena | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Flow Laws and Interrelationships | |
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| Hydraulic Conductivity | |
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| Flows Through Unsaturated Soils | |
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| Thermal Conductivity | |
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| Electrical Conductivity | |
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| Diffusion | |
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| Typical Ranges of Flow Parameters | |
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| Simultaneous Flows of Water, Current, and Salts Through Soil-Coupled Flows | |
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| Quantification of Coupled Flows | |
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| Simultaneous Flows of Water, Current, and Chemicals | |
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| Electrokinetic Phenomena | |
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| Transport Coefficients and the Importance of Coupled Flows | |
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| Compatibility-Effects of Chemical Flows on Properties | |
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| Electroosmosis | |
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| Electroosmosis Efficiency | |
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| Consolidation by Electroosmosis | |
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| Electrochemical Effects | |
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| Electrokinetic Remediation | |
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| Self-Potentials | |
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| Thermally Driven Moisture Flows | |
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| Ground Freezing | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Volume Change Behavior | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General Volume Change Behavior of Soils | |
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| Preconsolidation Pressure | |
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| Factors Controlling Resistance to Volume Change | |
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| Physical Interactions in Volume Change | |
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| Fabric, Structure, and Volume Change | |
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| Osmotic Pressure and Water Adsorption Influences on Compression and Swelling | |
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| Influences of Mineralogical Detail in Soil Expansion | |
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| Consolidation | |
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| Secondary Compression | |
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| In Situ Horizontal Stress (K[subscript 0]) | |
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| Temperature-Volume Relationships | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Strength and Deformation Behavior | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General Characteristics of Strength and Deformation | |
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| Fabric, Structure, and Strength | |
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| Friction Between Solid Surfaces | |
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| Frictional Behavior of Minerals | |
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| Physical Interactions Among Particles | |
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| Critical State: A Useful Reference Condition | |
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| Strength Parameters for Sands | |
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| Strength Parameters for Clays | |
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| Behavior After Peak and Strain Localization | |
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| Residual State and Residual Strength | |
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| Intermediate Stress Effects and Anisotropy | |
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| Resistance to Cyclic Loading and Liquefaction | |
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| Strength of Mixed Soils | |
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| Cohesion | |
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| Fracturing of Soils | |
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| Deformation Characteristics | |
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| Linear Elastic Stiffness | |
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| Transition from Elastic to Plastic States | |
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| Plastic Deformation | |
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| Temperature Effects | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| Time Effects on Strength and Deformation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| General Characteristics | |
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| Time-Dependent Deformation-Structure Interaction | |
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| Soil Deformation as a Rate Process | |
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| Bonding, Effective Stresses, and Strength | |
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| Shearing Resistance as a Rate Process | |
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| Creep and Stress Relaxation | |
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| Rate Effects on Stress-Strain Relationships | |
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| Modeling of Stress-Strain-Time Behavior | |
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| Creep Rupture | |
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| Sand Aging Effects and Their Significance | |
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| Mechanical Processes of Aging | |
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| Chemical Processes of Aging | |
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| Concluding Comments | |
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| Questions and Problems | |
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| List of Symbols | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |