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| The Engineering Mindset | |
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| Engineering and Society | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Engineering Method | |
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| Science, Mathematics, and Engineering | |
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| Ingenuity: From Lifting Weights to Microelectronics | |
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| Engineering Models | |
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| Networks and Systems | |
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| Everything is Connected to Everything | |
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| A Web of Innovation | |
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| Systems | |
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| Engineering Disciplines and Majors | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Overview of Engineering Disciplines | |
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| Professional Organizations | |
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| Innovation at the Interfaces Between Disciplines | |
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| Engineering and Computing | |
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| Programming and Logical Thinking | |
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| Number Crunching | |
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| Problems | |
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| Organization and Representation of Engineering Systems | |
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| What We Think About How We Think | |
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| Example: Doing Math in Your Head | |
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| A Model for Cognitive Processing | |
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| "How To" Knowledge and Problem Solving | |
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| Mind and Brain | |
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| Concept Maps | |
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| What Is a Concept Map? | |
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| How to Build a Good Concept Map | |
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| Hierarchies | |
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| Representation and Design | |
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| Purpose, Environment, and Form | |
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| Requirements, Specifications, and the Forces That Shape a Design | |
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| Design Hierarchies | |
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| Example: What Supply for Rural Communities in Developing Nations | |
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| The Top-Level Problem: Meeting Community Needs | |
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| A Lower-Level Problem: Design of a Handpump | |
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| Even Lower-Level Design Details: Seals and Bearings | |
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| Problems | |
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| Learning and Problem Solving | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Expertise and The Learning Process | |
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| What Do You Know? Levels of Understanding | |
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| Knowledge: Recalling Facts from Memory | |
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| Comprehension: Understanding Meaning | |
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| Application: Using in New Situations | |
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| Analysis: Breaking Down into Parts | |
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| Synthesis: Constructing a New Integrated Whole | |
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| Evaluation: Using Judgment to Make Decisions | |
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| Social and Societal Responsibilities of Decision Making | |
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| Getting Good Results from Your Learning Efforts | |
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| Get Ready to Learn | |
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| Building a Good Structure for Knowledge | |
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| Metacognition: Monitoring Your Own Understanding | |
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| A Framework for Problem Solving | |
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| Problem Solving Step 0: I Can | |
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| Problem Solving Step 1: Define | |
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| Problem Solving Step 2: Explore | |
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| Problem Solving Step 3: Plan | |
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| Problem Solving Step 4: Implement | |
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| Problem Solving Step 5: Check | |
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| Problem Solving Step 6: Generalize | |
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| Problem Solving Step 7: Present the Results | |
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| How Much CO Does a Typical Passenger Car Produce? | |
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| Define | |
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| Explore | |
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| Plan | |
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| Do It | |
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| Check | |
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| Generalize | |
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| Present the Results | |
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| Planning Larger Projects | |
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| SolderBaat-A Circuit Board Assembly and Test System | |
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| Task Scheduling | |
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| Teamwork and Results | |
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| Heuristics | |
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| Write It Down | |
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| Restate in Simpler Terms | |
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| Draw a Picture | |
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| Do You Know a Related Problem? | |
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| Work Backwards/Forwards | |
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| Work Top-Down/Bottom-Up | |
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| Divide and Conquer | |
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| Check for Unnecessary Constraints | |
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| Discuss | |
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| Try Solving a Scaled-Down Version of the Problem | |
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| Try Solving a Simpler but Related Problem | |
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| Use Models | |
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| Guess and Check | |
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| Use an Analogy | |
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| Change Your Perspective | |
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| Look at the Big Picture | |
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| Do the Easy Parts First | |
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| Plug in Numbers | |
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| Keep Track of Progress | |
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| Change the Representation | |
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| Replan | |
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| Pay Attention to Hunches | |
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| Take a Break | |
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| Problems | |
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| Model-Based Design | |
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| Laws of Nature and Theoretical Models | |
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| Engineering Models | |
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| Evolution of Theory | |
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| Models of Motion | |
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| Aristotle's Physics | |
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| Galileo and the Scientific Method | |
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| Rene Descartes and Conservation of Motion | |
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| The Royal Society | |
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| Huygens' Improvements to Descartes' Model | |
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| Newton's Laws of Motion | |
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| Leibniz and the "Living Force," Work and Energy | |
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| Modeling the "Spring of Air" | |
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| The Horror of the Vacuum | |
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| Boyle's Law | |
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| Hooke's Law | |
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| The Birth of the Piston Engine | |
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| Newcomen's Engine | |
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| James Watt's Improvements to Newcomen's Design | |
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| The Science of Thermodynamics | |
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| Sadi Carnot and the Limits of Engine Efficiency | |
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| James Joule: From Building a Better Brewery to a Theory of Heat and Energy | |
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| Conservation of Mass | |
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| Robert Boyle and The Sceptical Chymist | |
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| Antoine Lavoisier | |
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| Analysis Example: The Internal Combustion Engine | |
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| Operation of a Four-Stroke Engine | |
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| Efficiency of the Intake Stroke and Air/Fuel Ratio | |
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| Efficiency of the Compression Stroke and the Compression Ratio | |
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| Design Example: The Handpump | |
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| Problem Definition and Plan of Attack | |
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| Modeling Forces on the Piston | |
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| Modeling the Handle Lever Arm | |
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| Modeling Pump Efficiency | |
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| Problems | |
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| Data Analysis and Empirical Models | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Theory and Data | |
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| Validating Boyle's Law | |
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| Exponential Change, Log Plots, and Moore's Law | |
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| Empirical Models | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Running an Experiment | |
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| Interpolation and Fitting a Line to the Data | |
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| Using Statistics to Quantify Uncertainty | |
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| Sources of Uncertainty | |
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| Mean and Standard Deviation: Systematic and Random Error | |
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| Estimating Probability | |
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| Frequency of Results and Histograms | |
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| The Theory of the Bell Curve | |
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| Trade Studies: Evaluating Tradeoffs Between Design Variables | |
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| Methodology: Making and Using Maps | |
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| Problem Definition and Plan of Attack | |
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| Mapping the Design Space | |
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| Finding Settings to Satisfy Distance Constraints | |
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| Minimizing Energy while Launching at a Target | |
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| Problems | |
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| Modeling Interrelationships in Systems: Lightweight Structures | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Statics Perspective | |
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| Force as a Vector | |
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| Addition of Forces | |
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| Equilibrium of a Point or Particle | |
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| Equilibrium of Pinned Joints and Bars | |
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| Loads, Supports, and Reaction Forces | |
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| Static Analysis of a Complete Truss | |
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| The Materials Perspective | |
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| Bars as Springs: Hooke's Law and Young's Modulus | |
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| Strength of Materials | |
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| Buckling | |
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| Putting It All Together | |
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| Statics Perspective | |
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| Materials Perspective | |
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| Statically Determinate and Indeterminate Trusses | |
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| Example: A Trade Study of Strength versus Weight in a Truss | |
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| Problem Definition and Plan of Attack | |
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| Implementation of the Plan | |
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| Finding an Acceptable Design | |
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| Problems | |
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| Modeling Interrelationships in Systems: Digital Electronic Circuits | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Computing Machines | |
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| The Logical and Physical Views | |
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| History and Background | |
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| Digital Circuits from the Symbolic and Logical Perspective | |
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| Boolean Logic | |
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| Building Computing Machines Out of Switches | |
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| Binary Representation of Numbers | |
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| Adding Numbers with Switches | |
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| Digital Circuits from the Electronics Perspective | |
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| Electricity | |
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| Electronic Devices | |
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| Electrical Circuits | |
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| Putting It All Together: Design of an Inverter | |
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| Background | |
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| Problem Definition and Plan of Attack | |
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| Choosing Device Sizes | |
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| Calculating Power Consumption | |
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| Problems | |
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| Modeling Change in Systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Predicting the Future: Accumulation of Change | |
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| The State of a System | |
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| Euler's Method: Predicting Change from One State to the Next | |
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| Launching a Softball | |
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| Problem Definition and Plan of Attack | |
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| Modeling the Softball Trajectory Without Drag | |
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| Modeling the Softball Trajectory with Drag | |
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| Continuous Versus Discrete Models | |
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| Running Out of Gas | |
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| Background | |
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| Problem Definition and Plan of Attack | |
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| Flow Rates and Conservation of Mass | |
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| Growth at a Constant Rate: Population and Per-Capita Oil Consumption | |
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| Putting It All Together | |
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| Will We Really Run Out of Oil by 2040? | |
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| Problems | |
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| Problem Solving with Matlab | |
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| Getting Started with MATLAB | |
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| Your First MATLAB Session | |
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| Interpreting Simple Arithmetic Expressions | |
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| Variables | |
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| Scripts | |
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| Examples | |
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| Determining Velocities After a Collision | |
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| Mass of CO[subscript 2] Produced by a Car | |
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| Problems | |
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| Vector Operations in MATLAB | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic Operations | |
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| Defining and Accessing Vectors | |
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| Element-Wise Arithmetic Operations on Vectors | |
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| Example: Validating Boyle's Law | |
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| Simple Two-Dimensional Plots and Graphs | |
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| Plot Basics | |
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| Adding Titles and Labels | |
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| Changing Line Styles | |
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| Multiple Plots on One Set of Axes | |
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| Multiple Sets of Axes in One Figure | |
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| Plotting Functions | |
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| Specialized Plotting | |
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| Example: Plotting the Results of Boyle's Experiment | |
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| Example: Moore's Law and Log Plots | |
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| Statistics | |
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| The Basics: Minimum, Maximum, Averages, etc. | |
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| Counting Values in a Range | |
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| Bin Counts and Histograms | |
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| Where to Learn More | |
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| Problems | |
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| Matrix Operations in MATLAB | |
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| Basic Operations | |
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| Defining and Accessing Matrices | |
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| Element-Wise Arithmetic Operations on Matrices | |
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| Parameter Sweeps Over Two Variables | |
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| Creating Tables Using Code meshgrid | |
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| Example: Force on the Piston of a Pump Versus Well Depth and Cylinder Radius | |
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| Plotting 3-Dimensional Data | |
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| Mesh and Surface Plots | |
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| Contour Plots | |
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| Side-View Cross-Section Plots | |
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| Matrix Arithmetic | |
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| Zero Matrix | |
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| Equality of Matrices | |
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| Matrix Addition | |
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| Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar | |
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| Matrix Subtraction | |
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| Matrix Multiplication | |
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| Solving Systems of Linear Equations | |
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| Linear Equations in Matrix Form | |
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| The Identity Matrix and the Inverse of a Matrix | |
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| Solving Matrix Equations Using Inversion | |
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| Solving Matrix Equations Using the Backslash Operator | |
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| Example: Analysis of a Truss | |
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| Example: Analysis of Electrical Circuits | |
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| Problems | |
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| Introduction to Algorithms and Programming In MATLAB | |
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| Algorithms, Flow Charts, and Pseudocode | |
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| What Is an Algorithm? | |
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| Describing Simple Sequences of Operations | |
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| Subroutines | |
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| Conditional Branches | |
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| Loops | |
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| MATLAB Functions | |
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| Mathematical Functions Versus MATLAB Functions | |
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| Functions Calling Functions | |
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| Watching a Function Call Through the MATLAB Debugger | |
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| Conditional Selection Statements | |
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| Review of Logic Expressions | |
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| IF/ELSE Statements | |
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| Stepping Through an IF Statement in the Debugger | |
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| Loops or Repetition Statements | |
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| WHILE Loops | |
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| FOR Loops | |
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| Watching a Loop in the Debugger | |
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| Nested Loops | |
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| Common Loop Bugs | |
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| Examples of Functions, Conditionals, and Loops | |
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| Subfunctions: The Cake Recipe | |
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| Vector and Matrix Functions | |
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| Accumulation of Change | |
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| Review: Modeling Population Growth | |
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| Modeling the Trajectory of a Softball with Drag | |
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| Problems | |
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| Problem Solving Process | |
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| Bloom's Taxonomy: Levels of Understanding | |
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| Engineering Societies and Professional Organizations | |
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| Systems of Units | |
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| The SI System | |
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| Non-SI Units and Conversion Factors | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |