| |
| |
Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
Descriptive Methods for Categorical Data | |
| |
| |
| |
Proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
Comparative Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
Screening Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
Displaying Proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
Rates | |
| |
| |
| |
Changes | |
| |
| |
| |
Measures of Morbidity and Mortality | |
| |
| |
| |
Standardization of Rates | |
| |
| |
| |
Ratios | |
| |
| |
| |
Relative Risk | |
| |
| |
| |
Odds and Odds Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
Generalized Odds for Ordered 2 x k Tables | |
| |
| |
| |
Mantel Haenszel Method | |
| |
| |
| |
Standardized Mortality Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
Notes on Computations | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Descriptive Methods for Continuous Data | |
| |
| |
| |
Tabular and Graphical Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
One-Way Scatter Plots | |
| |
| |
| |
Frequency Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
Histogram and the Frequency Polygon | |
| |
| |
| |
Cumulative Frequency Graph and Percentiles | |
| |
| |
| |
Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| |
Numerical Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
Mean | |
| |
| |
| |
Other Measures of Location | |
| |
| |
| |
Measures of Dispersion | |
| |
| |
| |
Box Plots | |
| |
| |
| |
Special Case of Binary Data | |
| |
| |
| |
Coefficients of Correlation | |
| |
| |
| |
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient | |
| |
| |
| |
Nonparametric Correlation Coefficients | |
| |
| |
| |
Notes on Computations | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Probability and Probability Models | |
| |
| |
| |
Probability | |
| |
| |
| |
Certainty of Uncertainty | |
| |
| |
| |
Probability | |
| |
| |
| |
Statistical Relationship | |
| |
| |
| |
Using Screening Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
Measuring Agreement | |
| |
| |
| |
Normal Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
Shape of the Normal Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
Areas under the Standard Normal Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
Normal Distribution as a Probability Model | |
| |
| |
| |
Probability Models for Continuous Data | |
| |
| |
| |
Probability Models for Discrete Data | |
| |
| |
| |
Binomial Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
Poisson Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
Brief Notes on the Fundamentals | |
| |
| |
| |
Mean and Variance | |
| |
| |
| |
Pair-Matched Case-Control Study | |
| |
| |
| |
Notes on Computations | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimation of Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
Statistics as Variables | |
| |
| |
| |
Sampling Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction to Confidence Estimation | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimation of Means | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Intervals for a Mean | |
| |
| |
| |
Uses of Small Samples | |
| |
| |
| |
Evaluation of Interventions | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimation of Proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimation of Odds Ratios | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimation of Correlation Coefficients | |
| |
| |
| |
Brief Notes on the Fundamentals | |
| |
| |
| |
Notes on Computations | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction to Statistical Tests of Significance | |
| |
| |
| |
Basic Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
Hypothesis Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
Statistical Evidence | |
| |
| |
| |
Errors | |
| |
| |
| |
Analogies | |
| |
| |
| |
Trials by Jury | |
| |
| |
| |
Medical Screening Tests | |
| |
| |
| |
Common Expectations | |
| |
| |
| |
Summaries and Conclusions | |
| |
| |
| |
Rejection Region | |
| |
| |
| |
p Values | |
| |
| |
| |
Relationship to Confidence Intervals | |
| |
| |
| |
Brief Notes on the Fundamentals | |
| |
| |
| |
Type I and Type II Errors | |
| |
| |
| |
More about Errors and p Values | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Comparison of Population Proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
One-Sample Problem with Binary Data | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Pair-Matched Data | |
| |
| |
| |
Comparison of Two Proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
Mantel-Haenszel Method | |
| |
| |
| |
Inferences for General Two-Way Tables | |
| |
| |
| |
Fisher's Exact Test | |
| |
| |
| |
Ordered 2 x k Contingency Tables | |
| |
| |
| |
Notes on Computations | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Comparison of Population Means | |
| |
| |
| |
One-Sample Problem with Continuous Data | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Pair-Matched Data | |
| |
| |
| |
Comparison of Two Means | |
| |
| |
| |
Nonparametric Methods | |
| |
| |
| |
Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test | |
| |
| |
| |
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test | |
| |
| |
| |
One-Way Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| |
Brief Notes on the Fundamentals | |
| |
| |
| |
Notes on Computations | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Correlation and Regression | |
| |
| |
| |
Simple Regression Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Simple Linear Regression Model | |
| |
| |
| |
Scatter Diagram | |
| |
| |
| |
Meaning of Regression Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimation of Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing for Independence | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis-of-Variance Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
Multiple Regression Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Regression Model with Several Independent Variables | |
| |
| |
| |
Meaning of Regression Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
Effect Modifications | |
| |
| |
| |
Polynomial Regression | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimation of Parameters | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis-of-Variance Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing Hypotheses in Multiple Linear Regression | |
| |
| |
| |
Notes on Computations | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Logistic Regression | |
| |
| |
| |
Simple Regression Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Simple Logistic Regression Model | |
| |
| |
| |
Measure of Association | |
| |
| |
| |
Effect of Measurement Scale | |
| |
| |
| |
Tests of Association | |
| |
| |
| |
Use of the Logistic Model for Different Designs | |
| |
| |
| |
Overdispersion | |
| |
| |
| |
Multiple Regression Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Logistic Regression Model with Several Covariates | |
| |
| |
| |
Effect Modifications | |
| |
| |
| |
Polynomial Regression | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing Hypotheses in Multiple Logistic Regression | |
| |
| |
| |
Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
ROC Curve and Logistic Regression | |
| |
| |
| |
Brief Notes on the Fundamentals | |
| |
| |
Exercise | |
| |
| |
| |
Methods for Count Data | |
| |
| |
| |
Poisson Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing Goodness of Fit | |
| |
| |
| |
Poisson Regression Model | |
| |
| |
| |
Simple Regression Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Multiple Regression Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Overdispersion | |
| |
| |
| |
Stepwise Regression | |
| |
| |
Exercise | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Survival Data and Data from Matched Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
Survival Data | |
| |
| |
| |
Introductory Survival Analyses | |
| |
| |
| |
Kaplan Meier Curve | |
| |
| |
| |
Comparison of Survival Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
Simple Regression and Correlation | |
| |
| |
| |
Model and Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
Measures of Association | |
| |
| |
| |
Tests of Association | |
| |
| |
| |
Multiple Regression and Correlation | |
| |
| |
| |
Proportional Hazards Model with Several Covariates | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing Hypotheses in Multiple Regression | |
| |
| |
| |
Time-Dependent Covariates and Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
Pair-Matched Case-Control Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
Model | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Multiple Matching | |
| |
| |
| |
Conditional Approach | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimation of the Odds Ratio | |
| |
| |
| |
Testing for Exposure Effect | |
| |
| |
| |
Conditional Logistic Regression | |
| |
| |
| |
Simple Regression Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Multiple Regression Analysis | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
| |
Study Designs | |
| |
| |
| |
Types of Study Designs | |
| |
| |
| |
Classification of Clinical Trials | |
| |
| |
| |
Designing Phase I Cancer Trials | |
| |
| |
| |
Sample Size Determination for Phase II Trials and Surveys | |
| |
| |
| |
Sample Sizes for Other Phase II Trials | |
| |
| |
| |
Continuous Endpoints | |
| |
| |
| |
Correlation Endpoints | |
| |
| |
| |
About Simon's Two-Stage Phase II Design | |
| |
| |
| |
Phase II Designs for Selection | |
| |
| |
| |
Continuous Endpoints | |
| |
| |
| |
Binary Endpoints | |
| |
| |
| |
Toxicity Monitoring in Phase II Trials | |
| |
| |
| |
Sample Size Determination for Phase III Trials | |
| |
| |
| |
Comparison of Two Means | |
| |
| |
| |
Comparison of Two Proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
Survival Time as the Endpoint | |
| |
| |
| |
Sample Size Determination for Case-Control Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
Unmatched Designs for a Binary Exposure | |
| |
| |
| |
Matched Designs for a Binary Exposure | |
| |
| |
| |
Unmatched Designs for a Continuous Exposure | |
| |
| |
Exercises | |
| |
| |
Bibliography | |
| |
| |
Appendices | |
| |
| |
Answers to Selected Exercises | |
| |
| |
Index | |