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Foreword | |
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Preface | |
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Introduction | |
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The Three I's of Virtual Reality | |
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A Short History of Early Virtual Reality | |
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Early Commercial VR Technology | |
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VR Becomes an Industry | |
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The Five Classic Components of a VR System | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Input Devices: Trackers, Navigation, and Gesture Interfaces | |
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Three-Dimensional Position Trackers | |
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Tracker Performance Parameters | |
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Mechanical Trackers | |
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Magnetic Trackers | |
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Ultrasonic Trackers | |
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Optical Trackers | |
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Hybrid Intertial Trackers | |
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Navigation and Manipulation Interfaces | |
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Tracker-Based Navigation/Manipulation Interfaces | |
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Trackballs | |
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Three-Dimensional Probes | |
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Gesture Interfaces | |
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The Pinch Glove | |
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The 5DT Data Glove | |
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The Didjiglove | |
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The CyberGlove | |
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Conclusion | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Output Devices: Graphics, Three-Dimensional Sound, and Haptic Displays | |
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Graphics Displays | |
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The Human Visual System | |
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Personal Graphics Displays | |
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Large-Volume Displays | |
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Sound Displays | |
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The Human Auditory System | |
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The Convolvotron | |
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Speaker-Based Three-Dimensional Sound | |
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Haptic Feedback | |
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The Human Haptic System | |
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Tactile Feedback Interfaces | |
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Force Feedback Interfaces | |
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Conclusion | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Computing Architectures for VR | |
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The Rendering Pipeline | |
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The Graphics Rendering Pipeline | |
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The Haptics Rendering Pipeline | |
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PC Graphics Architecture | |
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PC Graphics Accelerators | |
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Graphics Benchmarks | |
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Workstation-Based Architectures | |
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The Sun Blade 1000 Architecture | |
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The SGI Infinite Reality Architecture | |
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Distributed VR Architectures | |
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Multipipeline Synchronization | |
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Colocated Rendering Pipelines | |
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Distributed Virtual Environments | |
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Conclusion | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Modeling | |
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Geometric Modeling | |
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Virtual Object Shape | |
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Object Visual Appearance | |
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Kinematics Modeling | |
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Homogeneous Transformation Matrices | |
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Object Position | |
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Transformation Invariants | |
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Object Hierarchies | |
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Viewing the Three-Dimensional World | |
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Physical Modeling | |
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Collision Detection | |
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Surface Deformation | |
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Force Computation | |
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Force Smoothing and Mapping | |
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Haptic Texturing | |
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Behavior Modeling | |
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Model Management | |
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Level-of-Detail Management | |
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Cell Segmentation | |
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Conclusion | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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VR Programming | |
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Toolkits and Scene Graphs | |
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WorldToolKit | |
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Model Geometry and Appearance | |
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The WTK Scene Graph | |
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Sensors and Action Functions | |
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WTK Networking | |
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Java 3D | |
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Model Geometry and Appearance | |
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Java 3D Scene Graph | |
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Sensors and Behaviors | |
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Java 3D Networking | |
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WTK and Java 3D Performance Comparison | |
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General Haptics Open Software Toolkit | |
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GHOST Integration with the Graphics Pipeline | |
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The GHOST Haptics Scene Graph | |
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Collision Detection and Response | |
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Graphics and PHANToM Calibration | |
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PeopleShop | |
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DI-Guy Geometry and Path | |
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Sensors and Behaviors | |
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PeopleShop Networking | |
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Conclusion | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Human Factors in VR | |
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Methodology and Terminology | |
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Data Collection and Analysis | |
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Usability Engineering Methodology | |
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User Performance Studies | |
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Testbed Evaluation of Universal VR Tasks | |
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Influence of System Responsiveness on User Performance | |
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Influence of Feedback Multimodality | |
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VR Health and Safety Issues | |
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Direct Effects of VR Simulations on Users | |
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Cybersickness | |
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Adaptation and Aftereffects | |
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Guidelines for Proper VR Usage | |
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VR and Society | |
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Impact on Professional Life | |
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Impact on Private Life | |
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Impact on Public Life | |
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Conclusion | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Traditional VR Applications | |
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Medical Applications of VR | |
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Virtual Anatomy | |
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Triage and Diagnostic | |
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Surgery | |
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Rehabilitation | |
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Education, Arts, and Entertainment | |
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VR in Education | |
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VR and the Arts | |
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Entertainment Applications of VR | |
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Military VR Applications | |
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Army Use of VR | |
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VR Applications in the Navy | |
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Air Force Use of VR | |
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Conclusion | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Emerging Applications of VR | |
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VR Applications in Manufacturing | |
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Virtual Prototyping | |
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Other VR Applications in Manufacturing | |
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Applications of VR in Robotics | |
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Robot Programming | |
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Robot Teleoperation | |
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Information Visualization | |
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Oil Exploration and Well Management | |
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Volumetric Data Visualization | |
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Conclusion | |
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Review Questions | |
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References | |
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Index | |