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| Preface | |
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| The Fossil Record | |
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| Changing Ideas about the Changing Earth | |
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| Neptune vs. Vulcan | |
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| A Brief Guide to Sedimentology | |
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| Dating the Rocks | |
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| The Succession of Faunas | |
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| Radiation-Based Dating Techniques | |
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| Other Dating Techniques | |
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| Dating Based on the Cycles of the Earth | |
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| The Problem of Orogeny | |
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| Continental Drift | |
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| Life: The First Three Billion Years | |
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| Multicellular Life | |
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| The Cambrian Revolution | |
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| Jaws, Fins, and Feet | |
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| The Reptilian Revolutions | |
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| The Two Great Extinctions | |
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| The Mammals Take Over | |
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| Analyzing Evolution | |
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| Parsimony and Pigeons | |
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| Darwin's Theory | |
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| Problems with Darwinism | |
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| The Concept of Species | |
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| Evidence for Anagenesis and Cladogenesis | |
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| The Tempo of Speciation | |
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| Semispecies, Hybrids, and Isolating Mechanisms | |
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| "Races" | |
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| Species and Fossils | |
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| Morphospecies | |
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| Microevolution and Macroevolution | |
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| The Politics of Macroevolution | |
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| Reconstructing the Tree of Life | |
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| Sources of Error in Phylogenetics | |
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| Linnaean Classification | |
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| Evolutionary Systematics | |
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| Phenetics and Cladistics | |
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| Pros and Cons of Phylogenetic Systematics | |
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| People As Primates | |
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| Early Mammals | |
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| Allometry | |
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| Allometry and Early Mammals | |
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| Death and Molar Occlusion | |
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| Allometry, Motherhood, and Milk | |
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| Respiration and the Palate | |
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| The Tribosphenic Molar | |
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| Live Birth and Placentation | |
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| Cretaceous Mammals | |
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| The Order Primates | |
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| The Living Strepsirrhines | |
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| Anthropoid Apomorphies: Ears, Eyes, and Noses | |
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| Tarsiers | |
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| Platyrrhines: The New World Anthropoids | |
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| Cercopithecoids: The Old World Monkeys | |
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| Hominoids: The Living Apes | |
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| Pongids and Hominids | |
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| Bonobos and Chimpanzees | |
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| Humans vs. Apes: Skulls and Teeth | |
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| Primate Origins: The Crown Group | |
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| Fossil Primates: The Stem Group | |
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| The First Fossil Euprimates | |
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| Eocene "Lemurs" and "Tarsiers" | |
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| The First Anthropoids | |
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| Anthropoid Radiations | |
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| The Bipedal Ape | |
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| Being Human vs. Becoming Human | |
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| The Taung Child | |
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| Australopithecus Grows Up | |
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| Bipedal Posture and the Vertebral Column | |
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| Bipedal Posture and the Pelvis | |
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| Bipedal Locomotion: Knees | |
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| Bipedal Locomotion: The Hip Joint | |
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| Bipedal Locomotion: Feet | |
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| Australopithecus Stands Up | |
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| The Skull of Australopithecus africanus. | |
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| Australopithecus robustus | |
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| Man-Apes, Just Plain Apes, or Weird Apes? | |
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| Postcranial Peculiarities | |
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| Louis Leakey and East Africa | |
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| Olduvai Gorge | |
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| Sahelanthropus: The Oldest Hominin? | |
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| Mio-Pliocene Enigmas: Orrorin and Ardipithecus. | |
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| Australopithecus anamensis | |
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| Australopithecus afarensis | |
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| Lucy's Locomotion: The View from Stony Brook | |
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| Lucy's Locomotion: The Rebuttal | |
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| Lucy's Locomotion: Persistent Questions | |
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| Australopithecus bahrelghazali? | |
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| Australopithecus platyops? | |
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| Australopithecus garhi | |
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| Australopithecus aethiopicus | |
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| Australopithecus boisei | |
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| Fitting in South Africa: The Problem(s) of Sterkfontein | |
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| Fitting in South Africa: Some robustus Questions | |
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| The Phylogeny of Australopithecus | |
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| What Did Australopithecus Eat? | |
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| Australopithecus and the Ecosystem | |
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| Two Species or Two Sexes? | |
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| Hunting, Gathering, and Dimorphism | |
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| Dinichism: A Possible Synthesis | |
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| Explaining Hominin Origins | |
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| Primitive Homo-Or "Advanced" Australopithecus? | |
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| Dating and Geological Context of the Habilines from Olduvai, Omo, and Koobi Fora | |
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| Habiline Skulls | |
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| Habiline Teeth | |
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| Habiline Postcranial Remains | |
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| Advanced Australopithecus: The Frustrations of Variation | |
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| Advanced Australopithecus: Back to South Africa | |
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| Advanced Australopithecus or Early Homo? Phylogenetic Issues | |
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| The Migrating Ape: Homo erectus and Human Evolution | |
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| The "Muddle in the Middle" | |
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| A Brief History of Homo erectus: 1889-1950 | |
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| Later Discoveries in Africa and Eurasia | |
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| Erectine Chronology and Geographic Distribution | |
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| Cranial Vault Morphology of Homo erectus | |
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| Cranial Capacity and the Brain | |
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| Faces and Mandibles of Asian Homo erectus | |
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| The Erectine Dentition | |
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| Erectine Postcranial Remains | |
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| Early African Erectine Skulls and the Ergaster Question | |
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| Early African Erectine Postcranial Morphology | |
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| Early Erectine Adaptations: Anatomy and Physiology | |
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| Early Erectine Adaptations: The Archaeological Evidence | |
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| Patterns of Development and Evolutionary Change in Erectines | |
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| Early Erectine Radiations in Africa | |
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| Out of Africa I: The Erectine Radiation | |
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| Indonesian Erectines and the Specter of "Meganthropus" | |
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| Chinese Erectines | |
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| Dmanisi-Humans at the Periphery of Europe | |
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| The Initial Occupation of Europe | |
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| Major Issues: A Summing Up | |
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| Taxonomy | |
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| Dates and Additional Evidence | |
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| Evolutionary Patterns | |
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| The Big-Brained Ape: Regional Variation and Evolutionary Trends in the Middle Pleistocene | |
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| Of "Archaic Homo sapiens" and Homo heidelbergensis | |
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| Early Models of Later Human Evolution | |
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| The Recent African Origin Model | |
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| The Multiregional Evolution Model | |
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| European Heidelbergs | |
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| Petralona | |
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| Bilzingsleben | |
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| Swanscombe | |
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| Steinheim | |
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| Mauer | |
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| Boxgrove | |
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| Atapuerca-Sima de los Huesos | |
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| Other European Heidelbergs | |
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| African Heidelbergs | |
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| Kabwe | |
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| Bodo and Ndutu | |
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| African Heidelberg Mandibles | |
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| Other African Heidelbergs | |
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| North Africans | |
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| Asian Heidelbergs? | |
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| Mugharet El-Zuttiyeh | |
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| Other West Asian Candidates | |
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| South Asia | |
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| East Asia | |
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| Australasia | |
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| Ngandong | |
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| Liang Bua | |
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| Supraorbital Tori, Chins, and Projecting Faces | |
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| Major Issues: Speciation, Migration, and Regional Continuity | |
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| Talking Apes: The Neandertals | |
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| Neandertals-Early Discoveries and Ideas (1829-1909 | |
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| Ideas about Neandertals-From Boule to the 21st Century | |
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| Neandertal Chronology and Distribution | |
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| Neandertal Morphology-The Cranial Vault | |
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| Frontal Bones | |
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| Occipital Bones | |
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| Temporal Bones | |
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| Brains | |
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| Neandertal Faces | |
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| External Nose | |
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| Prognathism | |
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| Internal Nose | |
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| Neandertal Mandibles | |
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| Neandertal Dentition | |
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| Body Size and Proportions | |
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| Neck and Upper Limb | |
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| Pelvis and Lower Limb | |
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| Neandertal Life History | |
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| Neandertal Genetics | |
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| Neandertal Technology | |
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| Diet and Subsistence Behavior | |
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| Neandertals and Language | |
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| Symbolic Behavior | |
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| Early European Neandertals | |
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| W�rm Neandertals from Western Europe | |
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| Western and Central Asian Neandertals | |
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| Late Neandertals | |
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| Major Issues | |
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| The Symbolic Ape: The Origin of Modern Humans | |
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| A "Creative Explosion"? | |
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| Modern Human Anatomy-The Skull | |
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| Modern Human Anatomy-Cranial Capacity | |
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| Modern Human Anatomy-The Postcranial Skeleton | |
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| The Geochronology of Modern Human Origins | |
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| The African Transition: Background and Dating | |
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| The African Transition: Vault Morphology | |
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| The African Transition: Facial Morphology | |
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| The African Transition: Additional Bones, Archaeology, and Other Matters | |
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| East Asian Archaic Humans: Background and Context | |
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| East Asian Archaic Sites and Specimens | |
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| Jinniushan | |
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| Maba | |
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| Other Cranial Pieces | |
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| Dentition | |
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| East Asian Archaics: Continuity or Someone New? | |
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| Early Modern Humans: The East African Record | |
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| Out of (East) Africa: Early Modern People in North and South Africa | |
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| The First Modern People Outside Africa: The Near Eastern Evidence | |
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| African and Circum-Mediterranean Gene Flow and Modern Human Origins | |
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| Modern Human Origins in East Asia | |
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| Modern Human Origins in Australasia | |
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| Europe: The Last Frontier | |
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| Recent Human Genetics and Modern Human Origins | |
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| Ancient DNA in Early Modern Humans | |
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| Modern Human Origins: The Models vs. the Facts | |
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| The Recent African Origin Model | |
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| Alternative Views-Multiregional Evolution | |
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| Alternative Views-The Assimilation Model | |
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| Assimilation and Interactions Between Modern and Archaic Humans | |
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| Appendix: Cranial Measurements | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Index | |