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| Preface | |
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| List of Symbols | |
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| Basic Concepts of Medical Instrumentation | |
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| Terminology of Medicine and Medical Devices | |
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| Generalized Medical Instrumentation System | |
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| Alternative Operational Modes | |
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| Medical Measurement Constraints | |
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| Classifications of Biomedical Instruments | |
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| Interfering and Modifying Inputs | |
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| Compensation Techniques | |
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| Biostatistics | |
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| Generalized Static Characteristics | |
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| Generalized Dynamic Characteristics | |
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| Design Criteria | |
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| Commercial Medical Instrumentation Development Process | |
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| Regulation of Medical Devices | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Basic Sensors And Principles | |
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| Displacement Measurements | |
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| Resistive Sensors | |
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| Bridge Circuits | |
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| Inductive Sensors | |
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| Capacitive Sensors | |
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| Piezoelectric Sensors | |
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| Temperature Measurements | |
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| Thermocouples | |
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| Thermistors | |
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| Radiation Thermometry | |
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| Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensors | |
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| Optical Measurements | |
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| Radiation Sources | |
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| Geometrical and Fiber Optics | |
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| Optical Filters | |
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| Radiation Sensors | |
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| Optical Combinations | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Amplifiers and Signal Processing | |
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| Ideal Op Amps | |
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| Inverting Amplifiers | |
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| Noninverting Amplifiers | |
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| Differential Amplifiers | |
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| Comparators | |
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| Rectifiers | |
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| Logarithmic Amplifiers | |
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| Integrators | |
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| Differentiators | |
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| Active Filters | |
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| Frequency Response | |
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| Offset Voltage | |
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| Bias Current | |
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| Input and Output Resistance | |
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| Phase-Sensitive Demodulators | |
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| Microcomputers in Medical Instrumentation | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| The Origin of Biopotentials | |
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| Electrical Activity of Excitable Cells | |
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| Volume Conductor Fields | |
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| Functional Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System | |
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| The Electroneurogram (ENG) | |
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| The Electromyogram (EMG) | |
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| The Electrocardiogram (ECG) | |
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| The Electroretinogram (ERG) | |
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| The Electroencephalogram (EEG) | |
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| The Magnetoencephalogram (MEG) | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Biopotential Electrodes | |
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| The Electrode-Electrolyte Interface | |
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| Polarization | |
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| Polarizable and Nonpolarizable Electrodes | |
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| Electrode Behavior and Circuit Models | |
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| The Electrode-Skin Interface and Motion Artifact | |
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| Body-Surface Recording Electrodes | |
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| Internal Electrodes | |
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| Electrode Arrays | |
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| Microelectrodes | |
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| Electrodes for Electric Stimulation of Tissue | |
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| Practical Hints in Using Electrodes | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Biopotential Amplifiers | |
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| Basic Requirements | |
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| The Electrocardiograph | |
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| Problems Frequently Encountered | |
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| Transient Protection | |
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| Common-Mode and Other Interference-Reduction Circuits | |
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| Amplifiers for Other Biopotential Signals | |
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| Example of a Biopotential Preamplifier | |
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| Other Biopotential Signal Processors | |
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| Cardiac Monitors | |
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| Biotelemetry | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Blood Pressure and Sound | |
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| Direct Measurements | |
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| Harmonic Analysis of Blood-Pressure Waveforms | |
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| Dynamic Properties of Pressure-Measurement Systems | |
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| Measurement of System Response | |
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| Effects of System Parameters on Response | |
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| Bandwidth Requirements for Measuring Blood Pressure | |
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| Typical Pressure-Waveform Distortion | |
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| Systems for Measuring Venous Pressure | |
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| Heart Sounds | |
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| Phonocardiography | |
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| Cardiac Catheterization | |
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| Effects of Potential and Kinetic Energy on Pressure Measurements | |
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| Indirect Measurements of Blood Pressure | |
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| Tonometry | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Measurement of Flow and Volume of Blood | |
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| Indicator-Dilution Method That Uses Continuous Infusion | |
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| Indicator-Dilution Method That Uses Rapid Injection | |
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| Electromagnetic Flowmeters | |
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| Ultrasonic Flowmeters | |
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| Thermal-Convection Velocity Sensors | |
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| Chamber Plethysmography | |
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| Electric-Impedance Plethysmography | |
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| Photoplethysmography | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Measurements of the Respiratory System | |
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| Modeling the Respiratory System | |
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| Measurement of Pressure | |
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| Measurement of Gas-Flow Rate | |
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| Lung Volume | |
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| Respiratory Plethysmography | |
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| Some Tests of Respiratory Mechanics | |
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| Measurement of Gas Concentration | |
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| Some Tests of Gas Transport | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Chemical Biosensors | |
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| Blood-Gas and Acid-Base Physiology | |
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| Electrochemical Sensors | |
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| Chemical Fibrosensors | |
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| Ion-Selective Field-Effect Transistor (ISFET) | |
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| Immunologically Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor (IMFET) | |
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| Noninvasive Blood-Gas Monitoring | |
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| Blood-Glucose Sensors | |
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| Summary | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Clinical Laboratory Instrumentation | |
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| Spectrophotometry | |
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| Automated Chemical Analyzers | |
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| Chromatology | |
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| Electrophoresis | |
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| Hematology | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Medical Imaging Systems | |
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| Information Content of an Image | |
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| Modulation Transfer Function | |
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| Noise-Equivalent Bandwidth | |
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| Photography | |
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| Television Systems | |
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| Radiography | |
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| Computed Radiography | |
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| Computed Tomography | |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | |
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| Nuclear Medicine | |
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| Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography | |
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| Positron Emission Tomography | |
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| Ultrasonography | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Therapeutic and Prosthetic Devices | |
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| Cardiac Pacemakers and Other Electric Stimulators | |
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| Defibrillators and Cardioverters | |
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| Mechanical Cardiovascular Orthotic and Prosthetic Devices | |
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| Hemodialysis | |
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| Lithotripsy | |
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| Ventilators | |
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| Infant Incubators | |
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| Drug Delivery Devices | |
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| Surgical Instruments | |
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| Therapeutic Applications of the Laser | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Electrical Safety | |
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| Physiological Effects of Electricity | |
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| Important Susceptibility Parameters | |
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| Distribution of Electric Power | |
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| Macroshock Hazards | |
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| Microshock Hazards | |
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| Electrical-Safety Codes and Standards | |
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| Basic Approaches to Protection Against Shock | |
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| Protection: Power Distribution | |
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| Protection: Equipment Design | |
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| Electrical-Safety Analyzers | |
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| Testing the Electric System | |
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| Tests of Electric Appliances | |
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| Problems | |
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| References | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Physical Constants | |
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| SI Prefixes | |
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| SI Units | |
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| Reference | |
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| Abbreviations | |
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| Chemical Elements | |
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| Index | |