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Meet Planet Earth | |
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Opening Essay: Discovering Geology | |
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Introduction | |
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About Geology and Geologists | |
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The Scientific Method | |
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How Rapid Are Geologic Processes? | |
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Earth's Neighborhood: The Solar System | |
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Earth's Internal Structure: Energy, Heat, Gravity, and Buoyancy | |
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The System Concept | |
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Interactions among Earth's Open Systems | |
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Changes Caused By Human Activities | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: The Earth System | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 1.1 Epitaph for the Aral Sea | |
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The Science of Geology Box 1.2 Cycling of Biogeochemical Elements Important for Life | |
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Global Tectonics: Our Dynamic Planet | |
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Opening Essay: Earth is a Noisy Planet, If You Keep Your Ear to the Ground | |
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Introduction | |
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What Earth's Surface Features Tell Us | |
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What Earth's Internal Phenomena Tell Us | |
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Plates and Mantle Convection | |
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Four Types of Plate Margins and How They Move | |
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Divergent Margin | |
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Convergent Margin/Subduction Zone | |
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Convergent Margin/Collision Zone | |
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Transform Fault Margin | |
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Topography of the Ocean Floor | |
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Hot Spots and Absolute Motion | |
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What Causes Plate Tectonics? | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: Plate Tectonics | |
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The Science of Geology Box 2.1 Rock Deformation: Strain and Stress | |
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The Science of Geology Box 2.2 Thermal Convection | |
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Atoms, Elements, Minerals, Rocks: Earth's Building Materials | |
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Opening Essay: Mineral Exploration: The Story of Sudbury | |
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Introduction: What Is A Mineral? | |
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Composition of Minerals | |
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Crystal Structure of Minerals | |
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Properties of Minerals | |
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Common Minerals | |
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Silicates: The Largest Mineral Group | |
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The Carbonate, Phosphate, and Sulfate Mineral Groups | |
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The Ore Mineral Groups--Our Source for Metals | |
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Minerals Give Clues to Their Environment of Formation | |
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Rocks: Mixtures of Minerals | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Mineral Names to Remember | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: Atoms, Elements, Minerals, and Rocks | |
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Petroscope For Minerals | |
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The Science of Geology Box 3.1 The Three States of Matter | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 3.2 Longterm Danger of Abandoned Mines | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 3.3 Absestos: How Risky Is It? | |
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Igneous Rocks: Products of Earth's Internal Fire | |
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Opening Essay: Watching Magma Solidify | |
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Introduction: What Is an Igneous Rock? | |
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Texture in Igneous Rocks | |
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Mineral Assemblage in Igneous Rocks | |
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Pyroclasts, Tephra, and Tuffs | |
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Plutons | |
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Whence Magma? | |
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Solidification of Magma | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Important Rock Names to Remember | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: Volcanoes and Igneous Rocks | |
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Petroscope to Igneous Rocks | |
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The Science of Geology Box 4.1. How Rock Melts | |
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Magmas and Volcanoes | |
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Opening Essay: Witnessing an Eruption at Close Hand | |
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Introduction: Earth's Internal Thermal Engine | |
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Magma: Molten Rock of Different Types | |
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How Bouyant Magma Erupts on the Surface | |
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Eruption Style--Nonexplosive or Explosive? | |
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Volcanoes | |
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Posteruption Effects | |
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Volcanic Hazards | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: Geohazards and Volcanoes and Igneous Rocks | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 5.1 Life Returns to Mount St. Helens | |
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The Science of Geology Box 5.2 Harnessing the Heat Within | |
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Weathering and Soils | |
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Opening Essay: Chinese Soils and Monsoon Climates | |
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Introduction: Weathering--The Breakdown of Rock | |
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Physical Weathering | |
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Chemical Weathering | |
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Factors That Influence Weathering | |
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Soil: Origin and Classification | |
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Soil Erosion | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: Sedimentary Rock | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 6.1 Decaying Buildings and Monuments | |
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The Science of Geology Box 6.2 Using Weathering Rinds to Measure Relative Age | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 6.3 The Soil Erosion Crisis | |
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Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks: Archives of Earth History | |
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Opening Essay: Interpreting Sedimentary Rocks Before Plate Tectonics | |
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Introduction: Sediments in the Rock Cycle | |
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Sedimentation, Stratification, and Bedding | |
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Sediment Types and Characteristics | |
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Sedimentary Environments and Facies Changes | |
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Diagenesis: How Sediment Becomes Rock | |
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Sedimentary Rocks: Clastic, Chemical, and Biogenic | |
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Environmental Clues in Sedimentary Rocks | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Important Rock Names to Remember | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: Sedimentary Rocks and Petroscope for Sedimentary Rocks | |
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The Science of Geology Box 7.1 Graphic Display of Geologic Data | |
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Metamorphism and Metomorphic Rocks: New Rocks from Old | |
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Opening Essay: Estimating a Temperature and a Pressure | |
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Introduction: All Things Metamorphose | |
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What Is Metamorphism? | |
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Major Factors in Metamorphism | |
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The Upper and Lower Limits of Metamorphism | |
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How Rocks Respond to Temperature and Pressure Change in Metamorphism | |
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Types of Metamorphic Rock | |
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Types of Metamorphism | |
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Metamorphic Facies | |
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Metasomatism | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: Metamorphic Rocks | |
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The Science of Geology Box 8.1 Pressure-Temperature-Time Paths: The Tectonic History of Metamorphic Rock | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 8.2 Concrete: The Artificial Metamorphic Rock that Changed Our Environment | |
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How Rock Bends, Buckles, and Breaks | |
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Opening Essay: The Ore Body that Sank | |
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Introduction | |
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How Is Rock Deformed? | |
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Deformation in Progress | |
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Evidence of Former Deformation | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: Plate Tectonics and Metamorphic Rocks | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 9.1 Rock Deformation and Oil Pools | |
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Earthquakes and Earth's Interior | |
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Opening Essay: A Temblor Strikes Home | |
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Introduction | |
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How Earthquakes Are Studied | |
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Earthquake Hazard | |
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World Distribution of Earthquakes | |
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First-Motion Studies of the Earthquake Source | |
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Earthquake Forecasting and Prediction | |
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Using Seismic Waves as Earth Probes | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: Geohazards | |
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The Science of Geology Box 10.1 Calculating a Richter Magnitude | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 10.2 A Great Earthquake in the Pacific Northwest? | |
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Geologic Time and the Rock Record | |
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Opening Essay: Determining How Rapidly Carbonate Sediments Accumulate | |
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Introduction | |
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Reading the Record of Layered Rocks | |
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Stratigraphic Classification | |
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Bridging the Gaps: Correlation of Rock Units | |
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The Geologic Column and the Geologic Time Scale | |
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Measuring Geologic Time Numerically | |
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The Magnetic Polarity Time Scale | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: The Rock Record and Geologic Time | |
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The Science of Geology Box 11.1 Potassium-Argon ([superscript 40]K/[superscript 40]AR) Dating | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 11.2 K/Ar Dating of Hawaiian Glaciations and African Hominids | |
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The Changing Face of the Land | |
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Opening Essay: Why Is Italy Uplifting? | |
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Introduction: Whence Earth's Varied Landscapes? | |
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Uplift and Denudation: Competing Geologic Forces | |
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Hypothetical Models For Landscape Evolution | |
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How Can We Calculate Rates of Uplift and Denudation? | |
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Ancient Landscapes of Low Relief | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System--Uplift, Weathering, and the Carbon Cycle | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: Plate Tectonics and Geohazards | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 12.1 Human Activity as an Agent of Denudation | |
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The Science of Geology Box 12.2 Estimating Exhumation Rates with Radioactive Decay | |
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Mass Wasting | |
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Opening Essay: The Night the Mountain Fell | |
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Introduction: What Is Mass Wasting? | |
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Downslope Movement of Rock Debris | |
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Mass-Wasting Processes | |
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Mass Wasting in Cold Climates | |
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Mass Wasting Under Water | |
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What Triggers Mass-Wasting Events? | |
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Hazards to Life and Property | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: Geohazards | |
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The Science of Geology Box 13.1 Downslope Movement and the Safety Factor | |
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The Science of Geology Box 13.2 The Beverage-Can Experiment | |
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Streams and Drainage Systems | |
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Opening Essay: A Chinese Emperor's Buried Army | |
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Introduction: Streams in the Landscape | |
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Stream Channels | |
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Dynamics of Streamflow | |
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Channel Patterns | |
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Erosion by Running Water | |
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The Stream's Load | |
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Stream Deposits | |
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Drainage Systems | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: The Water Cycle | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 14.1 Taming the Yangtze River | |
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Groundwater | |
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Opening Essay: Ice-Age Cave Dwellers in the Pyrenees | |
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Introduction: The Importance of Water | |
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Water in the Ground | |
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How Groundwater Moves | |
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Springs and Wells | |
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Aquifers | |
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Mining Groundwater, and its Consequences | |
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Water Quality and Groundwater Contamination | |
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Geologic Activity of Groundwater | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: The Water Cycle | |
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The Science of Geology Box 15.1 How Fast Does Groundwater Flow? | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 15.2 Toxic Groundwater in the San Joaquin Valley | |
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Glaciers and Glaciation | |
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Opening Essay: Modern Analogs of Ice-Age Glaciers | |
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Introduction: Earth's Changing Cover of Snow and Ice Glaciers | |
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Glaciation | |
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Periglacial Landscapes and Permafrost | |
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The Glacial Ages | |
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What Causes Glacial Ages? | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: Glaciers, Glaciation, and Ice Sheets | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 16.1 Living with Permafrost | |
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The Science of Geology Box 16.2 Understanding Milankovitch | |
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Almosphere, Winds, and Deserts | |
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Opening Essay: Living on the Edge of the Desert | |
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Introduction: Wind as a Geologic Agent | |
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Planetary Wind System | |
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Movement of Sediment By Wind | |
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Wind Erosion | |
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Eolian Deposits | |
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Dust in Ocean Sediments and Glacier Ice | |
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Deserts | |
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Surface Processes and Landforms in Deserts | |
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Desertification | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: Geohazards | |
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The Science of Geology Box 17.1 Measuring Earth's Hum | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 17.2 Tectonic Desertification | |
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The Oceans and Their Margins | |
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Opening Essay: Changing Sea Level and Atoll Evolution | |
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Introduction: The World Ocean | |
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The Ocean's Characteristics | |
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Depth and Volume of the Oceans | |
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Ocean Circulation | |
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Ocean Tides | |
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Ocean Waves | |
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Coastal Erosion and Sediment Transport | |
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Coastal Deposits and Landforms | |
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How Coasts Evolve | |
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Coastal Hazards | |
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Protection against Shoreline Erosion | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: Geohazards | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 18.1 How to Modify an Estuary | |
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Climate and Our Changing Planet | |
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Opening Essay: The Sensitivity of Earth's Climate to Small Changes | |
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Introduction: The Changing Atmosphere | |
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Global Warming | |
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The Past as a Key to the Future | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: Glaciers, Glaciation, and Ice Sheets | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 19.1 The Ozone Hole | |
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The Science of Geology Box 19.2 The Younger Dryas Event and the End of the Last Ice Age | |
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Earth Through Geologic Time | |
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Opening Essay: Watching a Continent Grow in Kamchatka | |
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Introduction: Tracking Past Plate Motions | |
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Supercontinents and Vanished Oceans | |
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Regional Structures of Continents | |
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Continental Margins | |
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Mountain Building | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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GeoDiscoveries: The Rock Record and Geologic Time | |
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The Science of Geology Box 20.1 Watching a Continent Splinter | |
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Resources of Minerals and Energy | |
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Opening Essay: The Golden Puzzle of the Witwatersrand | |
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Introduction: Natural Resources and Human History | |
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Mineral Resources | |
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Origin of Mineral Deposits | |
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Useful Mineral Substances | |
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Energy Resources | |
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Fossil Fuels | |
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Other Sources of Energy | |
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Revisiting Plate Tectonics and the Earth System | |
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What's Ahead? | |
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Chapter Summary | |
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The Language of Geology | |
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Questions For Review | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 21.1 Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits Forming Today | |
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Understanding Our Environment Box 21.2 The Waste Disposal Problem: Geology and Politics | |
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Units and Their Conversions | |
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Tables of the Chemical Elements and Naturally Occurring Isotopes | |
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Table of the Properties of Common Minerals | |
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Glossary | |
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Selected References | |
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Credits | |
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Index | |