| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structures and Microstructures | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Electron Structure of Atoms | |
| |
| |
| Atoms | |
| |
| |
| The Hydrogen Atom | |
| |
| |
| The quantum mechanical description of a hydrogen atom | |
| |
| |
| The energy of the electron | |
| |
| |
| The location of the electron | |
| |
| |
| Orbital shapes | |
| |
| |
| Many Electron Atoms | |
| |
| |
| The orbital approximation | |
| |
| |
| Electron spin and electron configuration | |
| |
| |
| The Periodic Table | |
| |
| |
| Atomic Energy Levels | |
| |
| |
| Electron energy levels | |
| |
| |
| The vector model | |
| |
| |
| Terms and term schemes | |
| |
| |
| Answers to introductory questions | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| Problems and exercises | |
| |
| |
| Quick Quiz | |
| |
| |
| Calculations and Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical equations and units | |
| |
| |
| |
| The electron configuration of the lighter atoms | |
| |
| |
| |
| The 3d transition metals | |
| |
| |
| |
| The lanthanides | |
| |
| |
| |
| Energy levels and term schemes of many electron atoms | |
| |
| |
| |
| The ground state term of an atom | |
| |
| |
| |
| Chemical Bonding | |
| |
| |
| Ionic Bonding | |
| |
| |
| Ions | |
| |
| |
| Ionic bonding | |
| |
| |
| Madelung energy | |
| |
| |
| Repulsive energy | |
| |
| |
| Lattice energy | |
| |
| |
| The formulae and structures of ionic compounds | |
| |
| |
| Ionic size and shape | |
| |
| |
| Ionic structures | |
| |
| |
| Covalent Bonding | |
| |
| |
| Molecular orbitals | |
| |
| |
| The energies of molecular orbitals in diatomic molecules | |
| |
| |
| Bonding between unlike atoms | |
| |
| |
| Electronegativity | |
| |
| |
| Bond strength and direction | |
| |
| |
| Orbital hybridisation | |
| |
| |
| Multiple bonds | |
| |
| |
| Resonance | |
| |
| |
| Metallic Bonding | |
| |
| |
| Bonding in metals | |
| |
| |
| Chemical bonding | |
| |
| |
| Atomic orbitals and energy bands | |
| |
| |
| Divalent and other metals | |
| |
| |
| The classical free electron gas | |
| |
| |
| The quantum free electron gas | |
| |
| |
| The Fermi energy and Fermi surface | |
| |
| |
| Energy bands | |
| |
| |
| Brillouin zones | |
| |
| |
| Alloys and non-crystalline metals | |
| |
| |
| Bands in ionic and covalent solids | |
| |
| |
| Answers to introductory questions | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| Problems and exercises | |
| |
| |
| Quick Quiz | |
| |
| |
| Calculations and Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Madelung constants | |
| |
| |
| |
| States of Aggregation | |
| |
| |
| Formulae and Names | |
| |
| |
| Weak chemical bonds | |
| |
| |
| Chemical names and formulae | |
| |
| |
| Polymorphism and other transformations | |
| |
| |
| Macrostructures, Microstructures and Nanostructures | |
| |
| |
| Structures and microstructures | |
| |
| |
| Crystalline solids | |
| |
| |
| Non-crystalline solids | |
| |
| |
| Partly crystalline solids | |
| |
| |
| Nanostructures | |
| |
| |
| The Development of Microstructures | |
| |
| |
| Solidification | |
| |
| |
| Processing | |
| |
| |
| Defects | |
| |
| |
| Point defects in crystals of elements | |
| |
| |
| Solid solutions | |
| |
| |
| Schottky defects | |
| |
| |
| Frenkel defects | |
| |
| |
| Non-stoichiometric compounds | |
| |
| |
| Edge dislocations | |
| |
| |
| Screw dislocations | |
| |
| |
| Partial and mixed dislocations | |
| |
| |
| Multiplication of dislocations | |
| |
| |
| Planar defects | |
| |
| |
| Volume defects; precipitates | |
| |
| |
| Answers to introductory questions | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| Problems and exercises | |
| |
| |
| Quick Quiz | |
| |
| |
| Calculations and Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phase Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| Phases and Phase Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| One-component (unary) systems | |
| |
| |
| Binary Phase Diagrams | |
| |
| |
| Two-component (binary) systems | |
| |
| |
| Simple binary phase diagrams: nickel (Ni) - copper (Cu) | |
| |
| |
| Binary systems containing a eutectic point: Tin (Sn) - lead (Pb) | |
| |
| |
| Solid solution formation | |
| |
| |
| Binary systems containing intermediate compounds | |
| |
| |
| The iron - carbon phase diagram | |
| |
| |
| Steels and cast irons | |
| |
| |
| Invariant points | |
| |
| |
| Ternary Systems | |
| |
| |
| Ternary phase diagrams | |
| |
| |
| Answers to introductory questions | |
| |
| |
| Further reading | |
| |
| |
| Problems and exercises | |
| |
| |
| Quick Quiz | |
| |
| |
| Calculations and Questions | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| The phase rule | |
| |
| |
| |
| Crystallography and Crystal Structures | |
| |
| |
| Crystallography | |
| |
| |
| Crystal lattices | |
| |
| |
| Crystal structures and crystal systems | |
| |
| |
| Symmetry and crystal classes | |
| |
| |
| Crystal planes and Miller indices | |
| |
| |
| Hexagonal crystals and Miller-Bravais indices | |
| |
| |
| Directions | |
| |
| |
| The reciprocal lattice | |
| |
| |
| The Determination of Crystal Structures | |
| |
| |
| Single crystal X-ray diffraction | |
| |
| |
| Powder X-ray diffraction | |