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| About the Author | |
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| Series Preface | |
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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Interrogations and Confessions | |
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| Interrogation Tactics and Techniques | |
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| Police Training Manuals | |
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| The Reid Technique | |
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| The Format and Recording of the Confession | |
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| The Context of the Interrogation | |
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| American Research on Interrogation | |
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| How Things Can Go Wrong During Interrogation | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Interrogation in Britain | |
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| Irving's Studies | |
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| Softley's Study | |
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| Walsh's Study | |
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| Research at the University of Kent | |
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| Baldwin's Study | |
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| British Training Manuals | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Persons at Risk During Interviews in Police Custody: the Royal Commission Studies | |
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| The 1993 Royal Commission Study by Gudjonsson and Colleagues | |
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| Who Confesses? | |
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| Detainees' Legal Rights | |
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| General Conclusions | |
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| The Identification and Measurement of 'Oppressive' Police Interviewing Tactics in Britain. | |
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| Background to the Research | |
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| The Cases Analysed | |
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| Methodology | |
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| Interview Tactics | |
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| Suspects' Responses | |
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| Methodological Issues | |
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| Statistical Procedures | |
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| Application of the Framework to Individual Cases | |
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| The Heron Murder Case | |
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| The Miller Murder Case | |
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| Court Outcome | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Why do Suspects Confess? Theories | |
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| Factors Inhibiting Confession | |
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| Theoretical Models of Confession | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Why do Suspects Confess? Empirical Findings | |
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| How Important are Confessions? | |
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| How Commonly do Suspects Confess? | |
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| Factors Associated with Admissions and Denials | |
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| Self-Report Studies into Why Suspects Confess | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Miscarriages of Justice and False Confessions | |
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| Miscarriages of Justice | |
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| Studies of Miscarriages of Justice | |
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| The Leo-Ofshe Study | |
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| Some Notorious British Cases | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The Psychology of False Confession: Research and Theoretical Issues | |
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| Definitions of False Confession | |
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| The Frequency of False Confessions | |
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| False, Retracted and Disputed Confessions | |
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| The Innocent Pleading Guilty | |
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| The Broader Context of False Confessions | |
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| The Causes of False Confessions | |
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| Theoretical Implications of the Different Types of False Confession | |
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| The Ofshe--Leo Model of Confessions | |
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| Differences between True and False Confessions | |
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| A Proposed Modified Framework | |
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| Recovered Memory and False Confession | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The Psychology of False Confession: Case Examples | |
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| Voluntary False Confessions | |
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| Pressured--Compliant False Confessions | |
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| Pressured--Internalized False Confessions | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Legal and Psychological Aspects | |
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| The English Law on Confessions | |
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| The Admissibility and Reliability of Confession Evidence | |
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| The Voire Dire | |
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| Issues Affecting Vulnerable Defendants | |
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| The Admissibility of Expert Evidence | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The American Law on Confessions | |
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| The Basic Law of Confessions | |
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| Voluntariness and Mentally Vulnerable Suspects | |
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| Challenging a Confession in Court | |
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| Differences between English and American Law and Practice | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The Psychological Assessment | |
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| The Assessment Framework | |
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| Psychological Vulnerabilities | |
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| Learning Disability as a Vulnerability | |
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| The Court Report and Oral Evidence | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Suggestibility: Historical and Theoretical Aspects | |
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| Theoretical Approaches | |
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| Some Characteristics of Suggestion and Suggestibility | |
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| Brief Historical Background to Suggestibility | |
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| The Classification of Suggestibility | |
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| Theories of Suggestibility | |
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| Reinforcement and Suggestibility | |
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| Suggestibility: a State or a Trait? | |
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| Definition of Interrogative Suggestibility | |
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| The Gudjonsson-Clark Theoretical Model | |
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| Implications of the Model and Hypotheses | |
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| External Evaluation of the Model | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Interrogative Suggestibility: Empirical Findings | |
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| The Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales | |
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| Suggestibility and Hypnotic Susceptibility | |
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| Compliance | |
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| Acquiescence | |
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| Correlations between Suggestibility, Compliance and Acquiescence | |
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| Suggestibility and Gender | |
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| Suggestibility and Ethnic Background | |
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| Suggestibility and Age | |
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| Suggestibility and Intelligence | |
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| Suggestibility and Memory | |
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| Suggestibility and Anxiety | |
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| Suggestibility and Impulsivity | |
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| Suggestibility and the MMPI-2 | |
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| Suggestibility and Sleep Deprivation | |
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| Suggestibility: Dissociation and Fantasy Proneness | |
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| Suggestibility and Instructional Manipulation | |
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| Suggestibility and the Experimenter Effect | |
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| Suggestibility and Social Desirability | |
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| Suggestibility and Coping Strategies | |
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| Suggestibility and Assertiveness | |
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| Suggestibility and Self-Esteem | |
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| Suggestibility and Locus of Control | |
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| Suggestibility and Field Dependence | |
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| Suspiciousness and Anger | |
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| Suggestibility and Test Setting | |
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| Suggestibility and Previous Convictions | |
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| Police Interviewing and Suggestibility | |
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| Resisters and Alleged False Confessors | |
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| Suggestibility and False Confessions | |
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| Suggestibility and Eyewitness Testimony | |
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| Suggestibility and Recovered Memory | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The Effects of Drugs and Alcohol Upon the Reliability of Testimony | |
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| The Extent of the Problem | |
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| Theoretical Perspectives | |
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| The Effects of Intoxication and Withdrawal | |
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| The Effects of Alcohol Withdrawal on Interrogative Suggestibility | |
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| False Confessions to Murder by a Heroin Addict | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| British Court of Appeal Cases | |
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| The Court of Appeal | |
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| The Beginning of Expert Psychological Testimony | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| The 'Guildford Four' and the 'Birmingham Six' | |
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| The Guildford Four | |
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| The Birmingham Six | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Psychological Vulnerability | |
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| Engin Raghip--The Beginning: Landmark Decision for Psychology | |
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| Jacqueline Fletcher--Unidentified Borderline Intelligence | |
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| Judith Ward--Personality Disorder | |
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| David MacKenzie--Inability to Distinguish Facts from Fantasy | |
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| Idris Ali--Pathological Lying | |
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| George Long--Clinical Depression | |
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| Patrick Kane--Anxiety and Compliance | |
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| Andrew Evans--Misdiagnosed Psychogenic Amnesia | |
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| John Roberts--Abnormal Compliance | |
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| Ashley King--Abnormal Suggestibility and Compliance | |
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| Darren Hall--Disorder in the Absence of a Psychiatric Diagnosis | |
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| Ian Hay Gordon--Exploitation of Sexuality | |
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| Peter Fell--Poor Self-Esteem | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Police Impropriety | |
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| Stephen Miller | |
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| Alfred Allen (the 'UDR Four') | |
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| The Carl Bridgewater Case | |
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| Derek Bentley | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Misleading Special Knowledge | |
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| Stefan Kiszko | |
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| The Darvell Brothers | |
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| Donald Pendleton | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Foreign Cases of Disputed Confessions | |
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| Four High Profile American Cases | |
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| Waneta Hoyt | |
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| Joe Giarratano | |
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| Henry Lee Lucas | |
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| John Wille | |
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| General Conclusions | |
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| Canadian and Israeli Cases | |
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| A Canadian Case of Non-Custodial Interrogation | |
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| An Israeli Terrorist Case | |
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| General Conclusions | |
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| Murder in Norway: a False Belief Leading to a False Confession | |
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| Background to the Case | |
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| Pre-Trial (1997) Psychological Evaluation | |
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| The First Trial | |
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| The Psychological Evaluation Prior to the Appeal | |
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| Interviews with Informants | |
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| Mr A's Strengths and Vulnerabilities | |
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| The Interrogation and Confinement | |
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| Repression and Psychogenic Amnesia | |
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| The Appeal | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| General Comments and Conclusions | |
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| Interrogation | |
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| Psychological Vulnerability | |
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| True Confessions | |
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| Retracted and False Confessions | |
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| Appendix | |
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| References | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |