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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgements | |
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| Introduction to tourism management | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The phenomenon of tourism | |
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| Definition of tourism | |
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| The importance of tourism | |
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| Tourism as an academic field of study | |
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| Obstacles to development | |
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| Indications of development | |
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| A sequence of tourism platforms | |
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| Universities and community colleges | |
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| Characteristics, outline and structure | |
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| Characteristics | |
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| Chapter outline | |
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| Chapter structure | |
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| Chapter review | |
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| Summary of key terms | |
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| Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further reading | |
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| The tourism system | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A systems approach to tourism | |
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| The basic whole tourism system | |
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| The tourist | |
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| Spatial component | |
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| Temporal component | |
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| Travel purpose | |
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| Major tourist categories | |
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| Data problems | |
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| Origin region | |
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| Origin community | |
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| Origin government | |
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| Transit region | |
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| Management implications of transit regions | |
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| Effects of technology | |
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| Destination region | |
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| Destination communities | |
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| Destination governments | |
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| The tourism industry | |
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| Chapter review | |
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| Summary of key terms | |
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| Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Case study | |
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| The evolution and growth of tourism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Premodern tourism | |
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| Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Indus Valley | |
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| Ancient Greece and Rome | |
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| The Dark Ages and Middle Ages | |
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| Early modern tourism (1500-1950) | |
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| The Grand Tour | |
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| Spa resorts | |
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| Seaside resorts | |
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| Thomas Cook | |
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| The post-Cook period (1880-1950) | |
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| Contemporary tourism (1950 onwards) | |
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| The world's biggest industry? | |
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| Factors associated with increased tourism demand | |
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| Economic factors | |
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| Social factors | |
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| Demographic factors | |
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| Technological factors | |
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| Political factors | |
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| Australian tourism participation | |
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| Future growth prospects | |
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| Chapter review | |
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| Summary of key terms | |
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| Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Case study | |
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| Destinations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Global destination patterns: MDCs and LDCs | |
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| Tourism market share and growth | |
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| Reasons for the emergence of the LDCs as destinations | |
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| Pull factors influencing a destination | |
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| Geographical proximity to markets | |
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| Accessibility to markets | |
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| Availability of attractions | |
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| Cultural links | |
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| Availability of services | |
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| Affordability | |
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| Peace, stability and safety | |
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| Positive market image | |
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| Pro-tourism policies | |
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| Regional destination patterns | |
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| Europe | |
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| The Americas | |
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| Asia-Pacific | |
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| Africa | |
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| The Middle East | |
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| Australia | |
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| Internal destination patterns | |
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| The Australian pattern | |
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| Chapter review | |
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| Summary of key terms | |
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| Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Case study | |
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| The tourism product | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Tourist attractions | |
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| Natural sites | |
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| Natural events | |
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| Cultural sites | |
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| Cultural events | |
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| Attraction attributes | |
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| The tourism industry | |
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| Travel agencies | |
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| Transportation | |
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| Accommodation | |
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| Tour operators | |
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| Merchandise | |
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| Industry structure | |
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| Chapter review | |
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| Summary of key terms | |
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| Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Case study | |
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| Tourist markets | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Tourist market trends | |
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| The democratisation of travel | |
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| The emergence of simple market segmentation and multilevel segmentation | |
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| Niche markets and 'markets of one' | |
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| The destination selection process | |
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| Multiple decision makers | |
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| Tourist market segmentation | |
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| Geographic segmentation | |
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| Sociodemographic segmentation | |
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| Psychographic segmentation | |
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| Behavioural segmentation | |
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| Chapter review | |
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| Summary of key terms | |
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| Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Case study | |
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| Tourism marketing | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The nature of marketing | |
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| Definition of marketing | |
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| Services marketing | |
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| Intangibility | |
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| Inseparability | |
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| Variability | |
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| Perishability | |
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| Managing supply and demand | |
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| Daily variations in demand | |
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| Weekly variations in demand | |
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| Seasonal variations in demand | |
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| Long-term variations in demand | |
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| Supply/demand matching strategies | |
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| Market failure | |
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| Government tourism organisations | |
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| Strategic tourism marketing | |
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| SWOT analysis and objectives | |
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| Objectives | |
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| Control/evaluation | |
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| Marketing mix | |
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| Place | |
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| Product | |
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| People | |
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| Price | |
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| Packaging | |
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| Programming | |
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| Promotion | |
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| Partnerships | |
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| Chapter review | |
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| Summary of key terms | |
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| Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Case study | |
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| Economic impacts of tourism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Economic benefits | |
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| Direct revenue | |
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| Indirect revenue | |
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| Economic integration and diversification | |
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| Employment (direct and indirect) | |
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| Regional development | |
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| Formal and informal sectors | |
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| Economic costs | |
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| Direct financial costs | |
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| Indirect financial costs | |
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| Fluctuations in intake | |
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| Competition with other sectors | |
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| Employment problems | |
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| Chapter review | |
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| Summary of key terms | |
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| Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Case study | |
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| Sociocultural and environmental impacts of tourism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sociocultural benefits | |
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| Promotion of cross-cultural understanding | |
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| Incentive to preserve culture and heritage | |
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| Promoting social wellbeing and stability | |
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| Sociocultural costs | |
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| Commodification | |
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| The demonstration effect revisited | |
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| The relationship between tourism and crime | |
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| Factors contributing to the increased likelihood of sociocultural costs | |
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| The irridex | |
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| Environmental benefits | |
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| Environmental costs | |
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| Environmental impact sequence | |
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| 'Permanent' environmental restructuring | |
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| Generation of waste residuals | |
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| Tourist activities | |
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| Indirect and induced activities | |
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| Management implications of sociocultural and environmental impacts | |
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| Chapter review | |
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| Summary of key terms | |
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| Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Case study | |
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| Destination development | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Destination lifecycle | |
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| The Butler sequence | |
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| Critique of the Butler sequence | |
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| Factors that change the destination lifecycle | |
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| Internal-intentional actions | |
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| External-unintentional actions | |
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| Internal-unintentional actions | |
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| External-intentional actions | |
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| National tourism development | |
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| Spatial diffusion | |
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| Effects of hierarchical diffusion | |
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| Effects of contagious diffusion | |
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| Model of national tourism development | |
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| Chapter review | |
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| Summary of key terms | |
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| Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Case study | |
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| Sustainable tourism | |
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| Introduction | |
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| A paradigm shift? | |
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| Dominant Western environmental paradigm | |
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| Contradictions in the dominant Western environmental paradigm | |
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| Towards a green paradigm? | |
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| Sustainable tourism | |
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| Indicators | |
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| Sustainability and mass tourism | |
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| Reasons for adoption | |
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| Practices | |
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| Quality control | |
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| Sustainability and small-scale tourism | |
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| Alternative tourism | |
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| Manifestations | |
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| Critique of alternative tourism | |
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| Ecotourism | |
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| Soft and hard ecotourism | |
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| Magnitude | |
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| Location | |
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| Destination sustainability | |
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| Extending the Butler sequence | |
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| Chapter review | |
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| Summary of key terms | |
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| Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Case study | |
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| Tourism research | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of research | |
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| Basic research | |
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| Applied research | |
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| Cross-sectional research | |
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| Longitudinal research | |
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| Qualitative research | |
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| Quantitative research | |
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| Primary research | |
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| Secondary research | |
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| The research process | |
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| Problem recognition | |
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| Question formulation | |
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| Identification of research methodology or methods | |
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| Data collection | |
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| Data analysis | |
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| Data presentation | |
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| Data interpretation | |
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| Chapter review | |
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| Summary of key terms | |
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| Questions | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Case study | |
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| Selected international and Australian tourism organisations | |
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| Refereed English language tourism journals (2005) | |
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| Inbound and outbound tourism data | |
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| References | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |