| |
| |
| List of Contributors | |
| |
| |
| Foreword | |
| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Unique Nature of Glass | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| What is Glass? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Making Glass | |
| |
| |
| |
| Homogeneity and Phase Separation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Forming | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glasses that are not "Melted" | |
| |
| |
| |
| Exotic Glass | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Melt-Derived Bioactive Glass | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Bioglass | |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction to Bioglass | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Materials Properties of Bioglass | |
| |
| |
| |
| Mechanism of Bioactivity and Effect of Glass Composition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Network Connectivity and Bioactivity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Alternative Bioactive Glass Compositions | |
| |
| |
| |
| In Vitro Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
| In Vivo Studies and Commercial Products | |
| |
| |
| |
| Animal Studies | |
| |
| |
| |
| Human Clinical Studies and Commercial Products | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sol-Gel Derived Glasses for Medicine | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Why Use the Sol-Gel Process? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sol-Gel Process Principles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Steps in a Typical Sol-Gel Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stage 1: Mixing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stage 2: Casting | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stage 3: Gelation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stage 4: Ageing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stage 5: Drying | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stage 6: Stabilisation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Stage 7: Densification | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evolution of Nanoporosity | |
| |
| |
| |
| Making Sol-Gel Monoliths | |
| |
| |
| |
| Making Particles | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sol-Gel Derived Bioactive Glasses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phosphate Glasses | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Making Phosphate Glasses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phosphate Glass Structure | |
| |
| |
| |
| Temperature Behaviour and Crystallisation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phosphate Glass Dissolution | |
| |
| |
| |
| Cell Compatibility of Glasses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Phosphate Glass Fibres and Composites | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Structure of Bioactive Glasses and Their Surfaces | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Structure of Glasses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structure of Bioactive Glasses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Computer Modeling (Theoretical Simulation) of Bioactive Glasses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glass Surfaces | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bioactive Borate Glasses | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Differentiaties a Bioactive Borate Glass from Other Bioactive Glasses? | |
| |
| |
| |
| Evaluating Reactive Materials (In Vitro Versus In Vivo Testing) | |
| |
| |
| |
| Multifunctional Bioactive Borate Glasses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Applications of Bioactive Borate Glasses in Orthopedics and Dental Regeneration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Soft Tissue Wound Healing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tissue/Vessel Guidance | |
| |
| |
| |
| Drug Delivery | |
| |
| |
| |
| Commercial Product Design | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glass-Ceramics | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Glass-Ceramics and Their Uses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Methods Used for the Controlled Crystallization of Glasses | |
| |
| |
| |
| A Glass-Ceramic that Hardly Expands When Heated | |
| |
| |
| |
| High-Strength, Moldable Glass-Ceramics for Dental Restoration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glass-Ceramics that are Moldable and Machinable | |
| |
| |
| |
| Outlook | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bioactive Glass and Glass-Ceramic Coatings | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Enameling | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glazing | |
| |
| |
| |
| Plasma Spraying | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiofrequency Magnetron Sputtering Deposition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Pulsed Laser Deposition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Composites Containing Bioactive Glass | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biodegradable Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Natural Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Synthetic Polymers | |
| |
| |
| |
| Composite Scaffolds Containing Bioactive Glass | |
| |
| |
| |
| Processing Technologies for Porous Bioactive Composites | |
| |
| |
| |
| Thermally Induced Phase Separation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Solid Freeform Fabrication/Rapid Prototyping | |
| |
| |
| |
| Other Processing Routes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Case Study: the PDLLA-Bioglass Composite Scaffold System | |
| |
| |
| |
| Final Remarks | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Inorganic-Organic Sol-Gel Hybrids | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hybrids in Medicine and Why They Should Be Silica-Based | |
| |
| |
| |
| Self-Assembled Hybrid Films and Layers of Grafted Silanes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sol-Gel Hybrids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ormosils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polymer Choice and Property Control in Hybrids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Silica/Gelatin | |
| |
| |
| |
| Maintaining Bioactivity in Sol-Gel Hybrids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calcium Incorporation in Sol-Gel Hybrids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Calcium-Containing Ormosils | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ormotites | |
| |
| |
| |
| Hybrids from Vinylsilanes or Other Bifunctional Silances | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary and Outlook | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Dental Applications of Glasses | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Structure of the Human Tooth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glass Bioactivity and Teeth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bioactive Glass in Dental Bone Regeneration | |
| |
| |
| |
| Treatment of Hypersensitive Teeth | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bioactive Glass Coating on Metal Implants | |
| |
| |
| |
| Antimicrobial Properties of Bioactive Glasses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bioactive Glasses in Polymer Composites | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bioactive Glasses in Glass Ionomer Cements | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bioactive Glass as Synthetic Bone Grafts and Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Synthetic Bone Grafts and Regenerative Medicine | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design Criteria for an Ideal Synthetic Bone Graft | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bioglass and the Complication of Crystallisation During Sintering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Making Porous Glasses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Space Holder Method | |
| |
| |
| |
| Polymer Foam Replication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Direct Foaming | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gel-Cast Foaming | |
| |
| |
| |
| Sol-Gel Foaming Process | |
| |
| |
| |
| Solid Freeform Fabrication | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary of Bioactive Glass Scaffold Processing | |
| |
| |
| |
| The Future: Porous Hybrids | |
| |
| |
| |
| Bioactive Glasses and Tissue Engineering | |
| |
| |
| |
| Regulatory Issues | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| Further Reading | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glasses for Radiotherapy | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glass Design and Synthesis | |
| |
| |
| |
| Non-Degradable or Bio-inert Glasses: Rare Earth Aluminosilicate Glasses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Preparation | |
| |
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| |
| |
| |
| Biodegradable Glasses: Rare Earth Borate/Borosilicate Glasses | |
| |
| |
| |
| Design of Radioactive Glass Microspheres for In Vivo Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
| Glass Particle Shape | |
| |
| |
| |
| Useful Radioisotopes | |
| |
| |
| |
| Radiation Dose | |
| |
| |
| |
| Tumor Response and Tailoring of Glass Composition | |
| |
| |
| |
| Treatment of Liver Cancer: Hepatocellular Carcinoma | |
| |
| |
| |
| Treatment of Kidney Cancer: Renal Cell Carcinoma | |
| |
| |
| |
| Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Radiation Synovectomy | |
| |
| |
| |
| Summary | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |