| |
| |
| List of Figures | |
| |
| |
| Series Editor's | |
| |
| |
| Preface | |
| |
| |
| Preface to the First Edition | |
| |
| |
| Preface to the Second Edition | |
| |
| |
| Preface to the Third Edition | |
| |
| |
| |
| What Is a Discourse Approach? | |
| |
| |
| The Problem with Culture | |
| |
| |
| Culture is a verb | |
| |
| |
| Discourse | |
| |
| |
| Discourse systems | |
| |
| |
| What Is Communication? | |
| |
| |
| Language is ambiguous by nature | |
| |
| |
| We must draw inferences about meaning | |
| |
| |
| Our inferences tend to be fixed, not tentative | |
| |
| |
| Our inferences are drawn very quickly | |
| |
| |
| Interdiscourse communication and English as a global language | |
| |
| |
| What This Book Is Not | |
| |
| |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
| |
| |
| Four processes of ethnography | |
| |
| |
| Four types of data in ethnographic research | |
| |
| |
| Choosing a site of investigation | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| References for Further Study | |
| |
| |
| |
| How, When, and Where to Do Things with Language | |
| |
| |
| Sentence Meaning and Speaker's Meaning | |
| |
| |
| Speech Acts, Speech Events, and Speech Situations | |
| |
| |
| Grammar of Context | |
| |
| |
| Seven main components for a grammar of context | |
| |
| |
| Scene | |
| |
| |
| Key | |
| |
| |
| Participants | |
| |
| |
| Message form | |
| |
| |
| Sequence | |
| |
| |
| Co-occurrence patterns, marked and unmarked | |
| |
| |
| Manifestation | |
| |
| |
| Variation in context grammar | |
| |
| |
| "Culture" and Context | |
| |
| |
| High context and low context situations | |
| |
| |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
| |
| |
| Using the "grammar of context" as a preliminary ethnographic audit | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| References for Further Study | |
| |
| |
| |
| Interpersonal Politeness and Power | |
| |
| |
| Communicative Style or Register | |
| |
| |
| Face | |
| |
| |
| The "self" as a communicative identity | |
| |
| |
| The Paradox of Face: Involvement and Independence | |
| |
| |
| Politeness strategies of involvement and independence | |
| |
| |
| Linguistic strategies of involvement: some examples | |
| |
| |
| Linguistic strategies of independence: some examples | |
| |
| |
| Face Systems | |
| |
| |
| Three Face Systems: Deference, Solidarity, and Hierarchy | |
| |
| |
| Deference face system (-P, +D) | |
| |
| |
| Solidarity face system (-P, -D) | |
| |
| |
| Hierarchical face system (+P, +/-D) | |
| |
| |
| Miscommunication | |
| |
| |
| Variations in Face Systems | |
| |
| |
| Social Organization and Face Systems | |
| |
| |
| Kinship | |
| |
| |
| The concept of the self | |
| |
| |
| Ingroup-outgroup relationships | |
| |
| |
| Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft | |
| |
| |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
| |
| |
| Exploring the interaction order | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| References for Further Study | |
| |
| |
| |
| Conversational Inference: Interpretation in Spoken Discourse | |
| |
| |
| How Do We Understand Discourse? | |
| |
| |
| Cohesive Devices: Lexical and Grammatical | |
| |
| |
| Reference | |
| |
| |
| Verb forms | |
| |
| |
| Conjunction | |
| |
| |
| The causal conjunction "because" | |
| |
| |
| Cognitive Schemata and Scripts | |
| |
| |
| World knowledge | |
| |
| |
| Adjacency sequences | |
| |
| |
| Prosodic Patterning: Intonation and Timing | |
| |
| |
| Intonation | |
| |
| |
| Timing | |
| |
| |
| Metacommunication | |
| |
| |
| Non-sequential processing | |
| |
| |
| Interactive Intelligence | |
| |
| |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
| |
| |
| Collecting and analyzing spoken data | |
| |
| |
| Reconfiguring default settings | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| References for Further Study | |
| |
| |
| |
| Topic and Face: Inductive and Deductive Patterns in Discourse | |
| |
| |
| What Are You Talking About? | |
| |
| |
| Topic, Turn Exchange, and Timing | |
| |
| |
| The call-answer-topic adjacency sequence | |
| |
| |
| The call | |
| |
| |
| The answer | |
| |
| |
| The Introduction of the caller's topic | |
| |
| |
| Deductive Monologues | |
| |
| |
| The Inductive Pattern | |
| |
| |
| Inside and outside encounters | |
| |
| |
| Hierarchical relationships and topic introduction | |
| |
| |
| The false east-west dichotomy | |
| |
| |
| Face: Inductive and Deductive Rhetorical Strategies | |
| |
| |
| Topics and face systems | |
| |
| |
| Face Relationships in Written Discourse | |
| |
| |
| Essays and press releases | |
| |
| |
| The press release: implied writers and implied readers | |
| |
| |
| The essay: a deductive structure | |
| |
| |
| Limiting Ambiguity: Power in Discourse | |
| |
| |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
| |
| |
| Collecting and analyzing written data | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| References for Further Study | |
| |
| |
| |
| Ideologies in Discourse | |
| |
| |
| Three Concepts of Discourse | |
| |
| |
| The Utilitarian Discourse System | |
| |
| |
| The Enlightenment: reason and freedom | |
| |
| |
| Bentham and Mill's Utilitarianism | |
| |
| |
| Forms of discourse in the Utilitarian discourse system | |
| |
| |
| The Panopticon of Bentham | |
| |
| |
| Face systems in the Utilitarian discourse system | |
| |
| |
| Internal face systems: libert�, �galit�, fraternit� | |
| |
| |
| The institutions of the Utilitarian discourse system | |
| |
| |
| Outside discourse | |
| |
| |
| Multiple discourse systems | |
| |
| |
| The Confucian discourse system | |
| |
| |
| "Conversations" | |
| |
| |
| What "Counts" as an Ideology? | |
| |
| |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
| |
| |
| The relationship between small d discourse and big D Discourses | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| References for Further Study | |
| |
| |
| |
| Forms of Discourse | |
| |
| |
| Functions of Language | |
| |
| |
| Information and relationship | |
| |
| |
| Negotiation and ratifi cation | |
| |
| |
| Group harmony and individual welfare | |
| |
| |
| Clarity, Brevity, and Sincerity Revisited | |
| |
| |
| Theories of communication in the Utilitarian discourse system | |
| |
| |
| Kant's view of the "public" writer | |
| |
| |
| Plagiarism and ideology | |
| |
| |
| Modes, Media, and the Materiality of Discourse | |
| |
| |
| Mode | |
| |
| |
| Media | |
| |
| |
| Emplacement | |
| |
| |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| References for Further Study | |
| |
| |
| |
| Socialization | |
| |
| |
| The Individual and "Culture" | |
| |
| |
| Socialization | |
| |
| |
| Education, enculturation, acculturation | |
| |
| |
| Primary and secondary socialization | |
| |
| |
| Socialization as legitimate peripheral participation | |
| |
| |
| Theories of the person and of learning | |
| |
| |
| Socialization in the Utilitarian Discourse System | |
| |
| |
| Education vs. socialization | |
| |
| |
| Socialization and face systems | |
| |
| |
| Socialization and the "Historical Body" | |
| |
| |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
| |
| |
| An outline guide for the study of discourse systems | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| References for Further Study | |
| |
| |
| |
| Corporate and Professional Discourse | |
| |
| |
| Voluntary and Involuntary Discourse Systems | |
| |
| |
| Five key discourse systems in corporate and professional life | |
| |
| |
| The Corporate Discourse System (Corporate Culture) | |
| |
| |
| Ideology | |
| |
| |
| Socialization | |
| |
| |
| Forms of discourse | |
| |
| |
| Face systems | |
| |
| |
| The size and scope of corporate discourse systems | |
| |
| |
| Professional Discourse Systems | |
| |
| |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| References for Further Study | |
| |
| |
| |
| Generational Discourse | |
| |
| |
| Involuntary Discourse Systems | |
| |
| |
| The Ideologies of Individualism in the United States | |
| |
| |
| Six generations of North Americans | |
| |
| |
| The shifting ground of U.S. individualism | |
| |
| |
| Communication between generations | |
| |
| |
| Six Generations of Chinese | |
| |
| |
| The changing nature of collectivism | |
| |
| |
| The shifting ground of Chinese collectivism | |
| |
| |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| References for Further Study | |
| |
| |
| |
| Gender and Sexuality Discourse | |
| |
| |
| Gender and Sexuality | |
| |
| |
| Gender Discourse Systems | |
| |
| |
| Directness or indirectness? | |
| |
| |
| Who talks more? | |
| |
| |
| Forms of discourse; functions of language | |
| |
| |
| Face systems | |
| |
| |
| The origin of difference: ideology and paradox | |
| |
| |
| The maintenance of difference: socialization | |
| |
| |
| Problems with the "difference" approach | |
| |
| |
| Compromise: "communities of practice" | |
| |
| |
| Sexuality | |
| |
| |
| Sexuality and gender | |
| |
| |
| Performativity | |
| |
| |
| Discourse systems and imagined communities | |
| |
| |
| "Gay Culture" and the Utilitarian Discourse System | |
| |
| |
| Ideology | |
| |
| |
| Face systems | |
| |
| |
| Forms of discourse | |
| |
| |
| Socialization | |
| |
| |
| The "Tongzhi Discourse System" | |
| |
| |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| References for Further Study | |
| |
| |
| |
| Doing "Intercultural Communication" | |
| |
| |
| Discourse Systems and the Individual | |
| |
| |
| Intersystem communication | |
| |
| |
| Cultural ideology and stereotyping | |
| |
| |
| Negative stereotypes | |
| |
| |
| Positive stereotypes, the lumping fallacy, and the solidarity fallacy | |
| |
| |
| Othering | |
| |
| |
| Differences Which Make a Difference: Discourse Systems | |
| |
| |
| Intercultural Communication as Mediated Action | |
| |
| |
| Avoiding Miscommunication | |
| |
| |
| Researching Interdiscourse Communication | |
| |
| |
| Discussion Questions | |
| |
| |
| References for Further Study | |
| |
| |
| References | |
| |
| |
| Index | |