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| Preface to the 2nd Edition | |
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| Preface to the 1st Edition | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Some Fundamental Stuff | |
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| First things first - the nature of data | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Variables and data | |
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| The good, the bad, and the ugly - types of variable | |
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| Categorical variables | |
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| Metric variables | |
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| How can I tell what type of variable I am dealing with? | |
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| Descriptive Statistics | |
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| Describing data with tables | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| What is descriptive statistics? | |
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| The frequency table | |
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| Describing data with charts | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Picture it! | |
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| Charting nominal and ordinal data | |
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| Charting discrete metric data | |
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| Charting continuous metric data | |
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| Charting cumulative data | |
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| Describing data from its shape | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| The shape of things to come | |
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| Describing data with numeric summary values | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Numbers R us | |
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| Summary measures of location | |
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| Summary measures of spread | |
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| Standard deviation and the Normal distribution | |
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| Getting the Data | |
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| Doing it right first time - designing a study | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Hey ho! Hey ho! It's off to work we go | |
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| Collecting the data - types of sample | |
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| Types of study | |
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| Confounding | |
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| Matching | |
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| Comparing cohort and case-control designs | |
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| Getting stuck in - experimental studies | |
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| From Little to Large - Statistical Inference | |
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| From samples to populations - making inferences | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Statistical inference | |
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| Probability, risk and odds | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Chance would be a fine thing - the idea of probability | |
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| Calculating probability | |
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| Probability and the Normal distribution | |
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| Risk | |
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| Odds | |
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| Why you can't calculate risk in a case-control study | |
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| The link between probability and odds | |
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| The risk ratio | |
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| The odds ratio | |
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| Number needed to treat (NNT) | |
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| The Informed Guess - Confidence Interval Estimation | |
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| Estimating the value of a single population parameter - the idea of confidence intervals | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Confidence interval estimation for a population mean | |
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| Confidence interval for a population proportion | |
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| Estimating a confidence interval for the median of a single population | |
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| Estimating the difference between two population parameters | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| What's the difference? | |
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| Estimating the difference between the means of two independent populations - using a method based on the two-sample t test | |
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| Estimating the difference between two matched population means - using a method based on the matched-pairs t test | |
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| Estimating the difference between two independent population proportions | |
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| Estimating the difference between two independent population medians - the Mann-Whitney rank-sums method | |
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| Estimating the difference between two matched population medians - Wilcoxon signed-ranks method | |
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| Estimating the ratio of two population parameters | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Estimating ratios of means, risks and odds | |
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| Putting it to the Test | |
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| Testing hypotheses about the difference between two population parameters | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| The research question and the hypothesis test | |
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| A brief summary of a few of the commonest tests | |
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| Some examples of hypothesis tests from practice | |
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| Confidence intervals versus hypothesis testing | |
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| Nobody's perfect - types of error | |
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| The power of a test | |
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| Maximising power - calculating sample size | |
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| Rules of thumb | |
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| Testing hypotheses about the ratio of two population parameters | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Testing the risk ratio | |
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| Testing the odds ratio | |
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| Testing hypotheses about the equality of population proportions: the chi-squared test | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Of all the tests in all the world...the chi-squared (x[superscript 2]) test | |
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| Getting up Close | |
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| Measuring the association between two variables | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Association | |
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| The correlation coefficient | |
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| Measuring agreement | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| To agree or not agree: that is the question | |
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| Cohen's kappa | |
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| Measuring agreement with ordinal data - weighted kappa | |
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| Measuring the agreement between two metric continuous variables | |
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| Getting into a Relationship | |
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| Straight line models: linear regression | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Health warning! | |
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| Relationship and association | |
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| The linear regression model | |
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| Model building and variable selection | |
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| Curvy models: logistic regression | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| A second health warning! | |
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| Binary dependent variables | |
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| The logistic regression model | |
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| Two More Chapters | |
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| Measuring survival | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Calculating survival probabilities and the proportion surviving: the Kaplan-Meier table | |
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| The Kaplan-Meier chart | |
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| Determining median survival time | |
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| Comparing survival with two groups | |
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| Systematic review and meta-analysis | |
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| Learning Objectives | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Systematic review | |
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| Publication and other biases | |
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| The funnel plot | |
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| Combining the studies | |
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| Table of random numbers | |
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| Solutions to Exercises | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |