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| Preface | |
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| Acknowledgments | |
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| About the Authors | |
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| Introduction to Sustainability | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Historical Perspective | |
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| Emergence of the Sustainable Movement | |
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| Olmsted and Vaux | |
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| Preservation vs. Conservation | |
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| Emergence of the Land Ethic | |
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| Post World War II | |
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| Our Common Future | |
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| Sustainable Landscapes | |
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| LEED | |
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| Sustainable Sites Initiative | |
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| Sustainable Maintenance | |
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| Green-washing | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Suggested Reading | |
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| Background | |
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| The Environmentalist Perspective | |
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| The Skeptic Perspective | |
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| Sustainable Landscape Design | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Process of Sustainable Landscape Design | |
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| Documenting Physical and Environmental Features of the Site | |
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| Starting the Landscape Design Process | |
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| Design Intent | |
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| Plant Selections to Increase Sustainability | |
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| Growing Environment | |
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| Creating Aesthetically Pleasing Landscapes | |
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| Creating Functional Landscapes | |
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| Designing Lawn Areas | |
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| Designing Planting Beds | |
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| Designing for Access and Circulation | |
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| Creating Landscapes that Meet Basic Human Physical and Cognitive Needs | |
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| Provide for Optimum Site Accessibility, Safety, and Wayfinding | |
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| Provide Opportunities for Outdoor Physical Activity | |
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| Provide Views of Vegetation and Quiet Outdoor Spaces for Mental Restoration | |
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| Provide Outdoor Spaces for Social Interaction | |
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| Reduce Light Pollution | |
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| Designing to Minimize Maintenance | |
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| Designing to Minimize Maintenance Labor | |
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| Designing to Minimize Maintenance Products | |
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| Designing to Enhance a Landscape's Short- and Long-term Cost-Effectiveness | |
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| Short-Term Cost Effectiveness | |
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| Long-Term Cost Effectiveness | |
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| Integrating Specialized Design Approaches to Maximize Short- and Long-term Sustainability | |
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| Minimize or Eliminate Potable Water Consumption for Irrigation | |
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| Preserve and Restore Native Wildlife Habitat | |
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| Promote a Sense of Place with Native Vegetation and Appropriate Site Adapted Species | |
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| Manage Water On-site | |
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| Cleanse Water On-site | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Literature Reviewed | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Sustainable Landscape Construction: Process, Irrigation Systems and Hardscape Materials | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Conventional Landscape Construction Process | |
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| Rough Grading | |
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| Finish Grading | |
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| Cleanup | |
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| A Sustainable Landscape Construction Process Alternative | |
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| Control and Retain Construction Pollutants | |
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| Divert Construction and Demolition Materials from Disposal | |
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| Reuse or Recycle Vegetation, Rocks and Soil Generated during Construction | |
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| Preserving and Incorporating Existing Vegetation | |
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| Sustainable Irrigation Design and Installation Strategies | |
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| Irrigation Design | |
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| Irrigation Installation | |
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| Sustainable Hardscape Materials | |
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| Reduce, Reuse, Recycle | |
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| Environmental Impact after Installation | |
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| Maintenance Requirements | |
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| Sustainable Hardscape Products for Entrance Areas, Driveways, Walkways and Outdoor Seating Areas | |
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| Other Sustainable Hardscape Products | |
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| Summary | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Additional Resources | |
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| Retro-fitting Existing Landscapes for Sustainability | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Site Analysis for Retrofitting | |
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| Does the Landscape Design Still Work Aesthetically? | |
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| Are there Landscape Maintenance Issues? | |
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| Are there Problems with Infrastructure Elements (Sidewalks, Driveways, Parking Areas, Lighting, Etc.) | |
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| Are Lighting Elements Functioning at their Optimum Level? | |
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| Identifying Opportunities to Improve Landscape Sustainability | |
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| Eliminating Problem Areas | |
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| Improving Access and Circulation | |
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| Improving Maintenance Efficiencies | |
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| Improving Irrigation Effectiveness | |
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| Managing Water on Site | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Ecosystem Development and Management in the Context of Sustainable Landscapes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Sustainable Landscapes and Ecosystem Services | |
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| Historical Review of Ecological Design | |
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| How Landscapes Function as Ecosystems | |
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| Considerations in Designing a New Landscape Ecosystem | |
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| Designer's Intent in Creating a Landscape Ecosystem | |
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| Plant Materials for Creating a Landscape Ecosystem | |
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| Establishment Strategies for a New Landscape Ecosystem | |
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| Management Strategies for a Landscape Ecosystem: Post Planting Succession, Plant Attrition due to Changing Microclimates, and Encroachment of Non-Planted Species | |
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| Post-Planting Succession | |
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| Plant Attrition due to Changing Microclimates | |
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| Encroachment of Non-planted Species | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Environmental Issues | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Nutrient Leaching and Runoff | |
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| Phosphorus | |
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| Nitrogen | |
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| Pesticide Leaching and Runoff | |
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| Health Concerns Associated With Pesticides | |
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| Fish and Wildlife Issues Associated With Pesticides | |
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| Air Pollution Due to Power Equipment Emissions | |
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| Depletion of Water Resources | |
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| Sustainability and Environmental Rhetoric | |
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| Perspectives on Environmental Issues Regarding Pesticide Use | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Sustainable Soils for Landscapes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Healthy Soils | |
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| Biological Factors | |
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| Sustainable Options in Developing Soils for Landscapes | |
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| Fill Soils | |
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| On-site Soils | |
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| Amending On-site Soils | |
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| Importing, Manufacturing or Augmenting Landscape Soils | |
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| Managing Soils Sustainably | |
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| Mulch | |
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| Moisture, Compaction and Aeration | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Managing Trees, Shrubs and Beds Sustainably | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Planting | |
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| Field Grown Bare Root Stock | |
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| Balled and Burlapped and Spade Dug Stock | |
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| Container Grown Stock | |
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| The Planting Hole | |
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| Other Amendments | |
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| Post Planting Care | |
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| Fertilization | |
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| Fertilizing transplants during establishment | |
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| Maintaining Long-Term Plant Health | |
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| Alleviating Nutrient Deficiencies | |
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| Assessing Fertilizer Needs | |
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| Irrigation | |
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| Irrigating New Plantings | |
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| Irrigating Mature Plantings | |
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| Reducing Irrigation in Landscape Beds | |
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| Improving Irrigation System Performance | |
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| Pruning | |
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| Pruning Shrubs and Groundcovers in Commercial Landscapes | |
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| Pruning Trees in Commercial Landscapes | |
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| Pruning Strategies for Young Trees | |
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| Pruning Strategies for Shrubs and Groundcovers | |
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| Problems Associated with Questionable Pruning Decisions | |
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| The Impact of Construction and Design Decisions on Pruning | |
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| General Pruning Strategies | |
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| Managing the Waste Stream | |
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| Managing Leaf Drop | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Lawns in Sustainable Landscapes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Matching Grass Types to Climate in Theory and Practice | |
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| Impact of Grass Breeding Programs | |
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| Species for Sustainable Lawns | |
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| Cool Season Grasses for Sustainable Lawns | |
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| Warm Season Grasses for Sustainable Lawns | |
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| Other Commonly Planted Grasses | |
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| Grass and Dicot Species Combinations for Sustainable Lawns | |
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| Suitable Grass Plus Dicot Mixes | |
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| Sustainable Maintenance Strategies | |
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| Mowing Strategies | |
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| Irrigation Strategies | |
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| Fertilization Strategies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Sustainable Pest Management | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Defining IPM | |
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| The Components of IPM | |
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| Pre-construction Planning | |
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| Analysis of Existing Landscapes | |
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| Monitoring | |
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| Developing Action Thresholds | |
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| Selecting Resistant Plants | |
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| Insect Control strategies | |
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| Biological Insect Control Options | |
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| Control Options with Synthetic Insecticides | |
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| Disease Control Strategies | |
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| Weed Control Strategies | |
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| Weed Encroachment in Landscape Beds | |
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| Weed Control in Lawns | |
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| Summary | |
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| Study Questions | |
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| References Cited | |
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| Additional Reading | |