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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Toward More Sustainable Infrastructure: Better Projects and Better Programs | |
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| Infrastructure Projects and Programs | |
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| Evaluating Infrastructure Projects | |
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| Infrastructure, Cities, and Civilization | |
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| Overview of Project Evaluation | |
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| Structure of the Textbook | |
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| Building Infrastructure to Serve the Needs of Society | |
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| System Performance | |
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| Introduction to Performance of Infrastructure���Based Systems | |
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| System Cost | |
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| Profitability, Break���Even Volume, and Return on Investment | |
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| Service | |
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| Capacity | |
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| Safety, Security, and Risk | |
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| Cost Effectiveness | |
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| Developing Cost and Revenue Functions for a 19th���Century Canal | |
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| Summary | |
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| Basic Economic Concepts | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Supply and Demand | |
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| Pricing | |
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| Productivity | |
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| Measuring and Improving the Economy | |
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| Trade | |
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| Making Decisions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Public Perspective: Economic, Environmental, and Social Concerns | |
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| General Overview | |
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| Benefit���Cost Analysis | |
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| Economic Impacts: Measures Related to the Regional or National Economy | |
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| Environmental Impacts | |
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| Social Impacts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Comparing Strategies for Improving System Performance | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Presenting All Results in Monetary Terms | |
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| Net Present Value: Comparing Current and Future Costs and Benefits | |
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| Measuring Cost Effectiveness | |
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| Using Weighting Schemes in Multi���Criteria Decision Making | |
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| Seeking Public Input | |
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| Summary | |
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| The Panama Canal | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Early Routes Across the Isthmus | |
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| The Panama Railroad | |
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| The French Effort | |
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| The U.S. Effort | |
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| The Panama Canal in the 21st Century | |
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| Comparing Economic and Financial Impacts Over the Life of Proposed Projects | |
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| Equivalence of Cash Flows | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Time Value of Money | |
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| Equivalence Relationships | |
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| Continuous Compounding: Nominal versus Effective Interest Rates | |
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| Financing Mechanisms | |
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| The Use of Equivalence in Costing | |
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| Case Study: Building an Office Tower in Manhattan | |
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| Summary | |
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| Choosing A Discount Rate | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Related Financial Concepts | |
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| Factors Affecting the Discount Rate | |
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| Choosing a Discount Rate: Examples | |
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| Dividing Up the Cash Flows of a Major Project | |
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| Summary | |
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| Financial Assessment | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Maximizing Net Present Value | |
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| Importance of the Project Life | |
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| Does Discounting Ignore Future Catastrophes? | |
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| Internal Rate of Return | |
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| External Rate of Return | |
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| Constant Dollar versus Current Dollar Analysis | |
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| Choosing among Independent Investment Options | |
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| Choosing among Mutually Exclusive Projects | |
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| Dealing with Unequal Lives of Competing Projects | |
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| Splitting a Project into Pieces for Different Parties | |
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| Summary | |
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| Rules of the Game: Taxes, Depreciation, and Regulation | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Depreciation and Taxes | |
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| Land Use Regulations | |
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| Building Codes and Other Safety Standards | |
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| Environmental Regulations and Restrictions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Developing Projects and Programs to Deal With Problems and Opportunities | |
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| Developing a Strategy to Deal with a Problem | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Identifying Needs and Objectives | |
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| Identifying Alternatives | |
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| Dealing with Uncertainty When Assessing Alternatives | |
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| Evaluating the Alternatives | |
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| Pearl River Delta Case Study | |
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| Summary | |
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| Public���Private Partnerships | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Principles of Public���Private Partnerships | |
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| Creating a Framework for a Partnership | |
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| Determining How Much to Invest | |
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| Complementary Strengths of Public and Private Partners: Tempe Town Lake | |
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| Public and Private Benefits: The Sheffield Flyover, Kansas City, Missouri | |
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| Maximize Ability to Undertake Projects: Toronto���s Highway 407 | |
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| Public Investment to Stimulate the Economy: Province of Newfoundland and Labrador�Dzs Investment in Offshore Oil Exploration | |
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| Summary | |
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| Dealing with Risks and Uncertainties | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Modeling Performance: Simulation and Analytical Models | |
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| How Best to Improve System Safety: Probabilistic Risk Assessment | |
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| Performance���Based Technology Scanning | |
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| Summary | |
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| Managing Projects and Programs | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Stages in Project Management | |
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| Project Management Techniques | |
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| Organizational Structure | |
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| Managing Very Large Projects | |
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| The Big Dig: Managing a Very Large, Politically Charged Project | |
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| Managing Programs | |
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| The Interstate Highway System | |
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| Summary | |
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| Toward More Sustainable Infrastructure | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Stages in the Evolution of Infrastructure���Based Systems | |
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| Skyscrapers and Building Booms | |
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| Case Study: Evolution of the U.S. Rail System | |
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| Twenty���First���Century Challenges: Sustainable Infrastructure | |
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| Upgrading Infrastructure: A Costing Framework | |
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| Summary | |
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| Final Thoughts and Further Reading | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Key Lessons in Part I: Building Infrastructure to Serve the Needs of Society | |
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| Key Lessons for Part II: Comparing Economic and Financial Impacts over the Life of Proposed Projects | |
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| Key Lessons for Part III: Developing Projects and Programs to Deal with Problems and Opportunities | |
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| Further Reading | |
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| Equivalence Tables | |
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| Equivalence Relationships for Uniform Gradients and Geometric Sequences | |
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| The Role of Equivalence Factors in Evaluating Infrastructure Proposals: Review | |
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| Additional Equivalence Relationships: Uniform Gradients and Geometric Sequences | |
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| Spreadsheets versus Tables | |