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About the Author | |
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Preface to the Second Edition | |
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Preface to the Third Edition | |
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List of Symbols and Abbreviations | |
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Fire Science and Combustion | |
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Fuels and the Combustion Process | |
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The Nature of Fuels | |
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Thermal Decomposition and Stability of Polymers | |
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The Physical Chemistry of Combustion in Fires | |
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The Ideal Gas Law | |
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Vapour Pressure of Liquids | |
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Combustion and Energy Release | |
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The Mechanism of Gas Phase Combustion | |
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Temperatures of Flames | |
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Problems | |
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Heat Transfer | |
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Summary of the Heat Transfer Equations | |
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Conduction | |
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Steady State Conduction | |
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Non-steady State Conduction | |
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Numerical Methods of Solving Time-dependent Conduction Problems | |
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Convection | |
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Radiation | |
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Configuration Factors | |
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Radiation from Hot Gases and Non-luminous Flames | |
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Radiation from Luminous Flames and Hot Smoky Gases | |
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Problems | |
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Limits of Flammability and Premixed Flames | |
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Limits of Flammability | |
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Measurement of Flammability Limits | |
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Characterization of the Lower Flammability Limit | |
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Dependence of Flammability Limits on Temperature and Pressure | |
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Flammability Diagrams | |
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The Structure of a Premixed Flame | |
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Heat Losses from Premixed Flames | |
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Measurement of Burning Velocities | |
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Variation of Burning Velocity with Experimental Parameters | |
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Variation of Mixture Composition | |
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Variation of Temperature | |
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Variation of Pressure | |
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Addition of Suppressants | |
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The Effect of Turbulence | |
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Problems | |
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Diffusion Flames and Fire Plumes | |
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Laminar Jet Flames | |
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Turbulent Jet Flames | |
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Flames from Natural Fires | |
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The Buoyant Plume | |
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The Fire Plume | |
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Interaction of the Fire Plume with Compartment Boundaries | |
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The Effect of Wind on the Fire Plume | |
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Some Practical Applications | |
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Radiation from Flames | |
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The Response of Ceiling-mounted Fire Detectors | |
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Interaction between Sprinkler Sprays and the Fire Plume | |
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The Removal of Smoke | |
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Modelling | |
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Problems | |
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Steady Burning of Liquids and Solids | |
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Burning of Liquids | |
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Pool Fires | |
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Spill Fires | |
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Burning of Liquid Droplets | |
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Pressurized and Cryogenic Liquids | |
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Burning of Solids | |
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Burning of Synthetic Polymers | |
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Burning of Wood | |
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Burning of Dusts and Powders | |
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Problems | |
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Ignition: The Initiation of Flaming Combustion | |
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Ignition of Flammable Vapour/Air Mixtures | |
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Ignition of Liquids | |
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Ignition of Low Flashpoint Liquids | |
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Ignition of High Flashpoint Liquids | |
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Auto-ignition of Liquid Fuels | |
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Piloted Ignition of Solids | |
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Ignition during a Constant Heat Flux | |
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Ignition Involving a ‘Discontinuous’ Heat Flux | |
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Spontaneous Ignition of Solids | |
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Surface Ignition by Flame Impingement | |
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Extinction of Flame | |
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Extinction of Premixed Flames | |
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Extinction of Diffusion Flames | |
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Problems | |
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Spread of Flame | |
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Flame Spread Over Liquids | |
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Flame Spread Over Solids | |
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Surface Orientation and Direction of Propagation | |
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Thickness of the Fuel | |
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Density, Thermal Capacity and Thermal Conductivity | |
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Geometry of the Sample | |
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Environmental Effects | |
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Flame Spread Modelling | |
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Spread of Flame through Open Fuel Beds | |
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Applications | |
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Radiation-enhanced Flame Spread | |
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Rate of Vertical Spread | |
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Problems | |
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Spontaneous Ignition within Solids and Smouldering Combustion | |
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Spontaneous Ignition in Bulk Solids | |
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Application of the Frank-Kamenetskii Model | |
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The Thomas Model | |
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Ignition of Dust Layers | |
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Ignition of Oil – Soaked Porous Substrates | |
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Spontaneous Ignition in Haystacks | |
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Smouldering Combustion | |
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Factors Affecting the Propagation of Smouldering | |
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Transition from Smouldering to Flaming Combustion | |
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Initiation of Smouldering Combustion | |
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The Chemical Requirements for Smouldering | |
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Glowing Combustion | |
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Problems | |
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The Pre-flashover Compartment Fire | |
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The Growth Period and the Definition of Flashover | |
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Growth to Flashover | |
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Conditions Necessary for Flashover | |
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Fuel and Ventilation Conditions Necessary for Flashover | |
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Factors Affecting Time to Flashover | |
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Factors Affecting Fire Growth | |
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Problems | |
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The Post-flashover Compartment Fire | |
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Regimes of Burning | |
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Fully Developed Fire Behaviour | |
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Temperatures Achieved in Fully Developed Fires | |
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Experimental Study of Fully Developed Fires in Single Compartments | |
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Mathematical Models for Compartment Fire Temperatures | |
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Fires in Large Compartments | |
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Fire Resistance and Fire Severity | |
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Methods of Calculating Fire Resistance | |
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Projection of Flames from Burning Compartments | |
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Spread of Fire from a Compartment | |
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Problems | |
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Smoke: Its Formation, Composition and Movement | |
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Formation and Measurement of Smoke | |
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Production of Smoke Particles | |
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Measurement of Particulate Smoke | |
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Methods of Test for Smoke Production Potential | |
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The Toxicity of Smoke | |
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Smoke Movement | |
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Forces Responsible for Smoke Movement | |
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Rate of Smoke Production in Fires | |
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Smoke Control Systems | |
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Smoke Control in Large Spaces | |
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Smoke Control in Shopping Centres | |
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Smoke Control on Protected Escape Routes | |
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References | |
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Answers to Selected Problems | |
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Author Index | |
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Subject Index | |