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Introduction | |
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Introduction to the Chemistry of Life | |
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The Origin of Life | |
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Biological Molecules Arose from Inorganic Materials | |
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Complex Self-replicating Systems Evolved from Simple Molecules | |
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Cellular Architecture | |
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Cells Evolved to Carry Out Metabolic Reactions | |
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There Are Two Types of Cells: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes | |
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Molecular Data Reveal Three Evolutionary Domains of Organisms | |
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Organisms Continue to Evolve | |
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Thermodynamics | |
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The First Law of Thermodynamics States that Energy Is Conserved | |
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics States that Entropy Tends to Increase | |
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The Free Energy Change Determines the Spontaneity of a Process | |
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Free Energy Changes Can Be Calculated from Equilibrium Concentrations | |
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Life Obeys the Laws of Thermodynamics | |
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Box 1-1 Pathways of Discovery | |
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Lynn Margulis and the Theory of Endosymbiosis | |
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Box 1-2 Perspectives in Biochemistry | |
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Biochemical Conventions | |
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Water | |
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Physical Properties of Water | |
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Water Is a Polar Molecule | |
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Hydrophilic Substances Dissolve in Water | |
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The Hydrophobic Effect Causes Nonpolar Substances to Aggregate in Water | |
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Water Moves by Osmosis and Solutes Move by Diffusion | |
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Chemical Properties of Water | |
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Water Ionizes to Form H + and OH a?? | |
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Acids and Bases Alter the pH | |
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Buffers Resist Changes in pH | |
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Box 2-1 Biochemistry in Health and Disease | |
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The Blood Buffering System | |
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Biomolecules | |
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Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, and Genetic Information | |
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Nucleotides | |
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Introduction to Nucleic Acid Structure | |
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Nucleic Acids Are Polymers of Nucleotides | |
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The DNA Forms a Double Helix | |
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RNA Is a Single-Stranded Nucleic Acid | |
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Overview of Nucleic Acid Function | |
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DNA Carries Genetic Information | |
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Genes Direct Protein Synthesis | |
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Nucleic Acid Sequencing | |
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Restriction Endonucleases Cleave DNA at Specific Sequences | |
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Electrophoresis Separates Nucleic Acids According to Size | |
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DNA Is Sequenced by the Chain-Terminator Method A#1 | |