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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| What Is Health Psychology? | |
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| Health Psychology in the Real World: Ban Smoking in Public Housing | |
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| Focus on Research: Can Writing About Feelings Help People Cope With Cancer? | |
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| What Factors Led to the Development of Health Psychology? | |
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| The Nature of Illnesses Has Changed | |
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| Focus on Development: The Importance of Immunizations | |
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| The Biomedical Model Is Unable to Fully Account for Health | |
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| Health-Care Costs Have Risen Dramatically | |
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| What Is the History of Health Psychology? | |
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| Focus on Culture: Health Means Different Things in Different Cultures | |
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| What Lies Ahead | |
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| Research Methods | |
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| What Is the Scientific Method? | |
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| What Are Observational or Naturalistic Methods? | |
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| What Are Survey Methods? | |
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| What Are Experimental Methods? | |
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| Focus on Research: The Impact of Divorce on Life Expectancy | |
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| Focus on Development: The Link Between Breast-Feeding and Infant Illness | |
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| What Are Clinical Methods? | |
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| Psychology in the Real World: The Ethical Challenges of Conducting Research on Cancer Treatment | |
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| How Can We Evaluate Research Studies? | |
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| Internal Validity | |
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| Focus on Research: The Power of Mind-Set on Health | |
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| External Validity | |
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| What Is the Best Research Approach? | |
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| How Do Research Ethics Influence Scientific Studies? | |
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| Ethical Issues Relevant to Experimentation on Animals | |
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| Theories of Health Behavior | |
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| What Are Continuum Theories of Health Behavior? | |
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| Health Belief Model | |
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| Focus on Research: Using "Friendship Bracelets" to Increase Condom Use | |
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| Theories of Reasoned Action/Planned Behavior | |
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| Focus on Culture: The Role of Individual and Social Factors on Health | |
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| Learning Theories | |
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| Focus on Development: Using Operant Conditioning to Improve Children's Eating and Exercise Behavior | |
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| Focus on Research: Can Watching Television Cause Teenage Pregnancy? | |
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| Health Psychology in the Real World: Hollywood's Responsibility for Smoking Deaths | |
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| Social Cognitive Theory | |
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| What Are Stage Models of Health Behavior Change? | |
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| Transtheoretical or Stages of Change Model | |
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| Precaution Adoption Process Model | |
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| How Should These Models Be Integrated and Extended? | |
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| Stress | |
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| What Are the Main Sources of Stress? | |
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| How Is Stress Measured? | |
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| Self-Report Inventories | |
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| Focus on Research: Does Stress Cause Breast Cancer? | |
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| Physiological Measures | |
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| How Does Stress Influence Health? | |
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| Cannon's Fight-or-Flight Response | |
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| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) | |
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| Updates to the Fight-or-Flight and GAS Models | |
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| What Are the Physical Consequences of Stress? | |
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| Nervous System | |
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| Endocrine System | |
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| Cardiovascular System | |
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| Focus on Development: Why the Early Years Really Matter | |
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| Immune System | |
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| Psychoneuroimmunology | |
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| Indirect Effects of Stress on Health | |
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| What Are the Psychological Consequences of Stress? | |
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| What Are Some Strategies for Managing Stress? | |
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| Coping Styles | |
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| Focus on Research: The Influence of Problem-Focused Coping on Health | |
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| Focus on Culture: Writing About Problems Helps Some People But Not All | |
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| Relaxation and Mindfulness | |
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| Humor | |
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| Exercise | |
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| Social Support | |
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| Religion | |
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| Managing Stress: The Role of Personality and Social Support | |
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| What Personality Factors Are Associated With Good Health? | |
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| Positive States | |
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| Focus on Research: Why Positive People Are Less Likely to Get a Cold | |
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| Optimism | |
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| Conscientiousness | |
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| Focus on Development: The Powerful Influence of Childhood Personality on Adult Health-Related Behavior | |
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| Internal Locus of Control/Hardiness | |
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| What Personality Factors Lead to Unhealthy Behavior? | |
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| Neuroticism/Negative Affect | |
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| Type A Behavior | |
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| Hostility/Disagreeableness | |
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| Explaining the Link Between Personality and Health | |
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| Stress | |
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| Physiological Mechanisms | |
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| Coping Strategies | |
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| Social Support | |
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| Health Habits | |
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| Self-Report | |
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| What Is Social Support? | |
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| Social Network | |
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| Perceived Social Support | |
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| Received Social Support | |
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| Focus on Culture: The Differential Presence and Benefits of Particular Types of Support | |
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| What Is the Link Between Social Support and Health? | |
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| Psychological Well-Being | |
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| Physical Well-Being | |
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| Focus on Research—The Effects of Social Support on Recovery from Surgery | |
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| How Does Social Support Lead to Better Health? | |
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| Cardiovascular System | |
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| Immune System | |
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| Neuroendocrine System | |
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| When Does Social Support Lead to Better Health? | |
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| Buffering Hypothesis | |
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| Direct Effects Hypothesis | |
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| Does Social Support Benefit Men and Women Equally? | |
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| What Factors Lead to the Social Support-Health Link? | |
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| Injuries | |
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| What Is Injury? | |
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| Sanderson ftoc.tex V1 - 11/10/2011 1:02 P.M. Page | |
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| Contents | |
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| How Does the Risk of Injury Vary Across the Life span? | |
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| Childhood | |
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| Focus on Culture: The Impact of Culture on Risk for Childhood Injuries | |
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| Adolescence and Young Adulthood | |
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| Adulthood | |
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| What Are the Leading Causes of Injuries? | |
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| Motor Vehicle Accidents | |
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| Poisoning | |
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| Suicide | |
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| Focus on Research: The Hazards of Owning a Firearm | |
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| Falls | |
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| Homicide | |
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| Focus on Research: Does Harry Potter Prevent Injuries in Children? | |
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| Focus on Development: The Prevalence of Child Abuse and Neglect | |
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| What Are the Strategies for Preventing Injuries? | |
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| Active Strategies | |
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| Health Psychology in the Real World: The Very Real Tragedy of Drunk Driving | |
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| Passive Strategies | |
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| Societal Changes | |
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| Smoking and Alcohol Abuse | |
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| What Is the Prevalence of Smoking? | |
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| What Are the Health Consequences of Smoking? | |
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| Focus on Development: The Impact of Passive Smoking on Children | |
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| How Do Psychological Factors Lead to the Initiation of Smoking? | |
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| Focus on Research: The Hazards of Smoking in Movies | |
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| What Factors Lead to Continued Smoking? | |
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| Nicotine-Based Models | |
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| Affect-Regulation Model | |
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| Combined Models | |
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| What Are Some Strategies for Preventing Smoking? | |
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| What Are Some Strategies for Quitting Smoking? | |
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| What Is the Prevalence of Alcohol Use and Abuse? | |
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| Focus on Culture: The Impact of Culture on Alcohol Regulations, Consumption, and Consequences | |
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| What Are the Health Consequences of Alcohol Abuse? | |
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| Focus on Research: Why Drinking Alcohol Interferes With Condom Use | |
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| How Do Psychological Factors Lead to Alcohol Abuse? | |
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| Tension-Reduction Theory | |
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| Social Learning Theory | |
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| Personality | |
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| Biological/Genetic Factors | |
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| What Are Some Strategies for Preventing Alcohol Abuse? | |
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| What Are Some Strategies for Treating Alcohol Abuse? | |
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| Health Psychology in the Real World: The Very Real Consequences of Addiction | |
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| Obesity and Eating Disorders | |
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| What Is Obesity? | |
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| What Are the Consequences of Obesity? | |
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| How Do Genetic Factors Cause Obesity? | |
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| How Do Psychological Factors Influence Eating (and Overeating)? | |
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| Internal-External Hypothesis | |
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| Mood Regulation | |
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| Restraint Theory | |
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| Sociocultural Factors | |
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| Focus on Research: Is Obesity Contagious? | |
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| Focus on Development: The Long-Lasting Impact of Prenatal Tasting | |
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| What Factors Help Prevent Obesity? | |
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| How Is Obesity Treated? | |
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| What Are Eating Disorders? | |
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| How Do Biological Factors Contribute to Eating Disorders? | |
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| How Do Psychological Factors Contribute to Eating Disorders? | |
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| Sociocultural Norms | |
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| Focus on Culture: Is the Thin Ideal Universal? | |
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| Family Dynamics | |
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| Personality | |
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| What Approaches Help Prevent Eating Disorders? | |
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| Focus on Research: The Benefits of Critiquing the Thin Ideal | |
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| What Approaches Help Treat Eating Disorders? | |
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| Health Psychology in the Real World: The Struggle to Recover From an Eating Disorder | |
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| The Experience and Management of Pain | |
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| Why Do We Care About Pain? | |
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| What Is Pain? | |
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| How Do We Experience Pain? | |
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| How Is Pain Measured? | |
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| Self-Report Measures | |
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| Behavioral Measures | |
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| Physiological Measures | |
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| How Do Psychosocial Factors Influence the Experience of Pain? | |
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| Stress | |
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| Learning | |
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| Focus on Culture: The Influence of Culture on the Experience and Expression of Pain | |
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| Cognition | |
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| Mood State | |
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| What Are Some Physical Methods of Controlling Pain? | |
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| Medication | |
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| Surgery | |
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| Physical Therapy/Exercise | |
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| Physical Stimulation | |
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| What Are Some Psychological Methods of Controlling Pain? | |
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| Focus on Research: Does Acupuncture Really Work to Reduce Pain? | |
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| Hypnosis | |
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| Biofeedback | |
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| Relaxation and Distraction | |
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| Focus on Research: Can Looking at Pictures of Loved Ones Reduce Pain? | |
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| Focus on Development: The Impact of Watching Movies on Pain Relief in Children | |
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| Cognitive Approaches | |
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| Behavior Therapy | |
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| Conclusions | |
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| Can Placebos Decrease Pain? | |
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| Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Placebos | |
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| Physiological Mechanisms That Explain the Influence of Placebos | |
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| Chronic Illness | |
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| What Are Chronic Diseases? | |
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| Focus on Culture: The Prevalence of Chronic Diseases Worldwide | |
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| What Are the Consequences of Having Chronic Illnesses? | |
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| Physical Problems | |
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| Social Problems | |
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| Focus on Development: How Do Children Cope With Having a Chronic Disease? | |
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| A Humorous Example of the Impact of Chronic Disease on Marital Relationships | |
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| Psychological Problems | |
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| Health Psychology in the Real World: The Shock of a Cancer Diagnosis | |
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| Reflection About the Benefits of Cancer By Lance Armstrong | |
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| What Factors Influence How People Manage Having a Chronic Illness? | |
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| Illness Intrusiveness | |
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| Type of Coping Used | |
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| Level of Social Support | |
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| How Can Psychological Interventions Help People Cope with Chronic Illness? | |
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| Education | |
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| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | |
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| Social Support Groups | |
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| What Is Coronary Heart Disease? | |
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| How Do Psychological Factors Influence Coronary Heart Disease? | |
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| Focus on Research: Is Living in New York City Hazardous to Your Health? | |
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| How Can Psychological Interventions Help Reduce the Risk of Recurring Heart Attacks? | |
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| What Is Cancer? | |
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| How Do Psychosocial Factors Influence the Development of Cancer? | |
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| What Factors Predict Effective Coping with Cancer? | |
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| What Is HIV/AIDS? | |
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| How Do Psychological Factors Predict the Acquisition of HIV? | |
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| Focus on Research: The Hazards of Seeing HIV as Not Very Prevalent | |
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| How Do Psychological Factors Predict the Progression of HIV? | |
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| Terminal Illness and Bereavement | |
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| When and How Do People Die? | |
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| How Do People Cope with Dying? | |
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| Stages of Death and Dying | |
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| Task-Work Approach | |
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| Stages of Death and Dying in Children | |
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| The Ethics of Assisted Suicide | |
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| Where Do People Die? | |
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| Hospitals | |
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| Nursing Homes/Long-Term Care Facilities | |
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| Home | |
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| Hospice Care | |
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| Focus on Research: The Impact of Hospice Care on the End-of-Life Experience | |
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| What are the Consequences of Bereavement? | |
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| Focus on Research: Why and When the Death of a Spouse Impacts Mortality | |
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| What Factors Influence the Experience of Bereavement? | |
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| Stages of Mourning | |
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| Influences on Grief | |
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| Coping with Bereavement | |
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| Focus on Culture: The Impact of Grief Processing Varies as a Function of Culture | |
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| Health Psychology in the Real World: What You Should—and Should Not—Say to Someone Who Is in Mourning | |
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| How Do People React to Different Types of Deaths? | |
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| Death of a Spouse | |
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| Death of a Parent | |
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| Death of a Child | |
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| Death of a Sibling | |
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| How Do Children Understand Death? | |
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| Health-Care Interaction: Screening, Utilization, Adherence, and Relapse | |
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| What Is Screening? | |
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| The Predictors of Screening | |
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| The Costs and Benefits of Screening | |
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| Health Psychology in the Real World: The Struggle to Decide Whether to Test or Not to Test | |
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| Focus on Research: The Shifting Reaction to Testing Positive for Huntington's Disease | |
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| Strategies for Increasing Screening | |
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| How Do Psychological Factors Influence Health-Care Utilization, Interaction, Hospitalization, and Burnout? | |
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| Health-Care Utilization | |
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| Patient-Practitioner Communication | |
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| Focus on Research: Differing Perspectives Between Patients and Physicians on Information Given | |
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| Focus on Culture: Attitudes Toward the Doctor-Patient Relationship Vary by Culture | |
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| The Experience of Hospitalization | |
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| Focus on Development: The Difficulties of Hospitalization on Children | |
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| The Experience of Burnout | |
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| What Predicts Adherence? | |
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| Causes of Nonadherence | |
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| Measuring Adherence | |
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| Strategies for Increasing Adherence | |
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| What Is Relapse? | |
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| Theories of Addiction | |
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| Triggers of Relapse | |
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| Strategies for Preventing Relapse | |
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| Designing Persuasive Interventions | |
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| Are Emotional Appeals Effective? | |
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| The Use of Emotional Appeals | |
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| The Drawbacks of Fear-Based Appeals | |
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| Focus on Development: The Hazards of Fear-Based Approaches to Pregnancy Prevention | |
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| Making Fear-Based Appeals Work | |
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| Focus on Research: The Benefits of Self-Affirmation for Reducing Smoking | |
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| How Effective Are Interventions Based in Psychological Theories? | |
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| Prospect Theory | |
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| Cognitive Dissonance Theory | |
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| Attribution Theory | |
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| Learning Theories | |
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| Focus on Culture: The Role of a Radio Program in Reducing HIV Infection | |
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| Social Cognitive Theory | |
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| Theory of Planned Behavior | |
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| Focus on Research: The Power of Social Norms in Increasing Condom Use | |
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| Are Personally Relevant Messages the Most Effective? | |
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| Screening | |
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| Managing Pain and Chronic Disease | |
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| Smoking Cessation | |
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| Alcohol Use | |
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| Eating and Eating Disordered Behavior | |
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| Condom Use | |
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| What Questions Remain? | |
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| Future Directions for Health Psychology | |
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| What Are the Contributions of Health Psychology? | |
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| What Are the Hot Topics in Health Psychology? | |
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| Preventing Health Problems | |
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| Making Ethical Medical Decisions | |
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| Focus on Research: Strategies for Increasing Organ Donation | |
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| Enhancing the Quality of Life | |
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| Health Psychology in the Real World: A Unique Approach to Conveying End-of-Life Preferences | |
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| Reducing Health-Care Costs | |
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| Focus on Culture: How Do Other Countries Handle Health Care? | |
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| What Are the Challenges for Health Psychology in the Future? | |
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| Decreasing Racial-Ethnic Differences in Health | |
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| Focus on Development: The Long-Term Hazards of Childhood Poverty | |
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| Focusing on the Predictors of Women's Health | |
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| Focus on Research: Understanding the Decision to Vaccinate for HPV | |
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| Broadening the Focus to Other Cultures | |
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| What Can You Do With a Degree in Health Psychology? | |
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| What Is the "Take Home" Point? | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Author Index | |
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| Subject Index | |