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| Differences Between Lines And Circles | |
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| Lines and Circles as Planning Metaphors | |
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| A Brief History of Lines & Circles | |
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| Science and Reason | |
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| Positivism vs | |
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| Interpretivism | |
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| Rational and Nonrational Thought | |
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| Rational & Nonrational Problem-Solving and Decision-Making | |
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| Planning Theory (Both Lines and Circles) | |
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| Examples of Planning Approaches | |
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| The "Surety" of the Line and the "Tentativeness" of the Circle | |
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| A Conceptual Framework | |
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| Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Programs -- Containers For Idea Implementation | |
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| Programs and Projects | |
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| Services and Interventions | |
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| Programs and Projects | |
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| Services and Interventions | |
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| Programs in Organizational Context | |
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| Program Planning | |
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| Mandates & Initiatives | |
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| Planning Different Types of Programs | |
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| Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Rational Planning And Prescriptive Approaches | |
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| Case: The Mayor and the Street Educators | |
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| Introduction | |
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| History of Rational Planning and Prescriptive Approaches | |
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| Dimensions of Rational Planning and Prescriptive Approaches | |
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| The Logic Model | |
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| Assessing Needs | |
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| Defining and Analyzing Problems | |
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| Selecting Intervention Strategies | |
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| Writing Goals and Objectives | |
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| Program Design and Decision-Making | |
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| Accountability in a Prescriptive Approach | |
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| Accountability Challenges | |
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| Information Systems | |
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| Budgeting | |
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| Rational Planning | |
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| Mind Sets | |
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| Skills | |
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| Strengths and Challenges of Rational Planning | |
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| Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Interpretive Planning And Emergent Approaches | |
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| Case: The Invisible People and the Area Agency on Aging | |
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| Introduction | |
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| History of Interpretive Planning and Emergent Approaches | |
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| Dimensions of Interpretive Planning and Emergent Approaches | |
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| The Logic of Emergence | |
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| Engagement | |
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| Discovery | |
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| Sensemaking | |
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| Unfolding | |
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| Accountability in an Emergent Approach | |
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| Accountability Challenge | |
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| Accountability Options | |
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| Interpretive Planning | |
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| Mind Sets | |
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| Skills | |
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| Strengths and Challenges of Interpretive Planning | |
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| Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Knowing When To Use What Planning Approach | |
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| An Example: AIDS Orphans and the Pig Intervention | |
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| Similarities in Planning Approach Challenges | |
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| Gaining Entry | |
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| Becoming Oriented | |
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| Engaging in Critical Thinking | |
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| Making Ethical Decisions | |
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| Comparing Program Planning Approaches | |
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| Comparing Dimensions | |
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| Examining Accountability | |
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| Thinking about Mindsets and Skills | |
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| Decision Issues for Approach Selection | |
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| Summary | |
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| Discussion Questions | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Program Planning In Diverse Cultural Contexts | |
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| Culture and Context | |
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| Defining Culture | |
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| Elements in Culture Development | |
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| Cultural Competence | |
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| Skills of the Culturally Competent | |
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| Challenges to Culturally Competent Human Service Programming | |
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| Understanding Empiricism | |
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| Recognizing Realism and Rationalism | |
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| Responding to Accountability Demands | |
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| Cultural Competence and Program Planning | |
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| Planning with Sensitivity to Difference | |
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| Differences within the Mainstream.& | |
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| Within-Group Differences | |
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| Planning with Sensitivity to Inclusion | |
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| Planning with Sensitivity to Context | |
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| Planning Across Multiple Organizational Settings | |
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| Issues when Practicing Internationally | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Glossary | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |