| |
| |
| |
Introduction to Biostatistics | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Some Basic Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
Measurement and Measurement Scales | |
| |
| |
| |
Sampling and Statistical Inference | |
| |
| |
| |
The Scientific Method and the Design of Experiments | |
| |
| |
| |
Computers and Biostatistical Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions and Exercises | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Descriptive Statistics | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
The Ordered Array | |
| |
| |
| |
Grouped Data: The Frequency Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Central Tendency | |
| |
| |
| |
Descriptive Statistics: Measures of Dispersion | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions and Exercises | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Some Basic Probability Concepts | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Two Views of Probability: Objective and Subjective | |
| |
| |
| |
Elementary Properties of Probability | |
| |
| |
| |
Calculating the Probability of an Event | |
| |
| |
| |
Bayes' Theorem, Screening Tests, Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predictive Value Positive and Negative | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions and Exercises | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Probability Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Probability Distributions of Discrete Variables | |
| |
| |
| |
The Binomial Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
The Poisson Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
Continuous Probability Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
The Normal Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
Normal Distribution Applications | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions and Exercises | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Some Important Sampling Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Sampling Distributions | |
| |
| |
| |
Distribution of the Sample Mean | |
| |
| |
| |
Distribution of the Difference Between Two Sample Means | |
| |
| |
| |
Distribution of the Sample Proportion | |
| |
| |
| |
Distribution of the Difference Between Two Sample Proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions and Exercises | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Estimation | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Interval for a Population Mean | |
| |
| |
| |
The t Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Two Population Means | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Interval for the Difference Between Two Population Proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
Determination of Sample Size for Estimating Means | |
| |
| |
| |
Determination of Sample Size for Estimating Proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Interval for the Variance of a Normally Distributed Population | |
| |
| |
| |
Confidence Interval for the Ratio of the Variances of Two Normally Distributed Populations | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions and Exercises | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Hypothesis Testing | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Hypothesis Testing: A Single Population Mean | |
| |
| |
| |
Hypothesis Testing: The Difference Between Two Population Means | |
| |
| |
| |
Paired Comparisons | |
| |
| |
| |
Hypothesis Testing: A Single Population Proportion | |
| |
| |
| |
Hypothesis Testing: The Difference Between Two Population Proportions | |
| |
| |
| |
Hypothesis Testing: A Single Population Variance | |
| |
| |
| |
Hypothesis Testing: The Ratio of Two Population Variances | |
| |
| |
| |
The Type II Error and the Power of a Test | |
| |
| |
| |
Determining Sample Size to Control Type II Errors | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions and Exercises | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Analysis of Variance | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
The Completely Randomized Design | |
| |
| |
| |
The Randomized Complete Block Design | |
| |
| |
| |
The Repeated Measures Design | |
| |
| |
| |
The Factorial Experiment | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions and Exercises | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Simple Linear Regression and Correlation | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
The Regression Model | |
| |
| |
| |
The Sample Regression Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
Evaluating the Regression Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
Using the Regression Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
The Correlation Model | |
| |
| |
| |
The Correlation Coefficient | |
| |
| |
| |
Some Precautions | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions and Exercises | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Multiple Regression and Correlation | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
The Multiple Linear Regression Model | |
| |
| |
| |
Obtaining the Multiple Regression Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
Evaluating the Multiple Regression Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
Using the Multiple Regression Equation | |
| |
| |
| |
The Multiple Correlation Model | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions and Exercises | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Regression Analysis: Some Additional Techniques | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Qualitative Independent Variables | |
| |
| |
| |
Variable Selection Procedures | |
| |
| |
| |
Logistic Regression | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions and Exercises | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
The Chi-Square Distribution and the Analysis of Frequencies | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
The Mathematical Properties of the Chi-Square Distribution | |
| |
| |
| |
Tests of Goodness-of-Fit | |
| |
| |
| |
Tests of Independence | |
| |
| |
| |
Tests of Homogeneity | |
| |
| |
| |
The Fisher Exact Test | |
| |
| |
| |
Relative Risk, Odds Ratio, and the Mantel-Haenszel Statistic | |
| |
| |
| |
Survival Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions and Exercises | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Nonparametric and Distribution-Free Statistics | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Measurement Scales | |
| |
| |
| |
The Sign Test | |
| |
| |
| |
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Location | |
| |
| |
| |
The Median Test | |
| |
| |
| |
The Mann-Whitney Test | |
| |
| |
| |
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Goodness-of-Fit Test | |
| |
| |
| |
The Kruskal-Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks | |
| |
| |
| |
The Friedman Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks | |
| |
| |
| |
The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient | |
| |
| |
| |
Nonparametric Regression Analysis | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions and Exercises | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Vital Statistics | |
| |
| |
| |
Introduction | |
| |
| |
| |
Death Rates and Ratios | |
| |
| |
| |
Measures of Fertility | |
| |
| |
| |
Measures of Morbidity | |
| |
| |
| |
Summary | |
| |
| |
Review Questions and Exercises | |
| |
| |
References | |
| |
| |
| |
Statistical Tables | |
| |
| |
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises | |
| |
| |
Index | |