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| Preface | |
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| Nomenclature | |
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| Introduction to Fire | |
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| Fire in History | |
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| Fire and Science | |
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| Fire Safety and Research in the Twentieth Century | |
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| Outlook for the Future | |
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| Introduction to This Book | |
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| Thermodynamics | |
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| Fluid mechanics | |
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| Heat and mass transfer | |
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| Supportive references | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Thermochemistry | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Chemical Reactions | |
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| Gas Mixture | |
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| Conservation Laws for Systems | |
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| Constant pressure reaction | |
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| Heat of combustion | |
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| Adiabatic flame temperature | |
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| Heat of Formation | |
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| Application of Mass and Energy Conservation in Chemical Reactions | |
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| Combustion Products in Fire | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Conservation Laws for Control Volumes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| The Reynolds Transport Theorem | |
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| Relationship between a Control Volume and System Volume | |
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| Conservation of Mass | |
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| Conservation of Mass for a Reacting Species | |
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| Conservation of Momentum | |
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| Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume | |
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| Problems | |
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| Premixed Flames | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Reaction Rate | |
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| Autoignition | |
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| Piloted Ignition | |
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| Flame Speed, S[subscript u] | |
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| Measurement techniques | |
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| Approximate theory | |
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| Fuel lean results | |
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| Heat loss effects and extinction | |
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| Quenching Diameter | |
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| Flammability Limits | |
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| Empirical Relationships for the Lower Flammability Limit | |
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| A Quantitative Analysis of Ignition, Propagation and Extinction | |
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| Autoignition calculations | |
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| Piloted ignition calculations | |
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| Flame propagation and extinction calculations | |
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| Quenching diameter calculations | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Spontaneous Ignition | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Theory of Spontaneous Ignition | |
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| Experimental Methods | |
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| Time for Spontaneous Ignition | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Ignition of Liquids | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Flashpoint | |
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| Dynamics of Evaporation | |
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| Clausius-Clapeyron Equation | |
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| Evaporation Rates | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Ignition of Solids | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Estimate of Ignition Time Components | |
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| Chemical time | |
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| Mixing time | |
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| Pyrolysis | |
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| Pure Conduction Model for Ignition | |
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| Heat Flux in Fire | |
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| Typical heat flux levels | |
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| Radiation properties of surfaces in fire | |
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| Convective heating in fire | |
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| Flame radiation | |
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| Heat flux measurements | |
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| Heat flux boundary conditions | |
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| Ignition in Thermally Thin Solids | |
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| Criterion for thermally thin | |
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| Thin theory | |
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| Measurements for thin materials | |
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| Ignition of a Thermally Thick Solid | |
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| Thick theory | |
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| Measurements for thick materials | |
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| Autoignition and surface ignition | |
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| Ignition Properties of Common Materials | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fire Spread on Surfaces and Through Solid Media | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Surface Flame Spread - The Thermally Thin Case | |
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| Transient Effects | |
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| Surface Flame Spread for a Thermally Thick Solid | |
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| Experimental Considerations for Solid Surface Spread | |
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| Opposed flow | |
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| Wind-aided | |
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| Some Fundamental Results for Surface Spread | |
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| Examples of Other Flame Spread Conditions | |
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| Orientation effects | |
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| Porous media | |
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| Liquid flame spread | |
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| Fire spread through a dwelling | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Burning Rate | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Diffusive Burning of Liquid Fuels | |
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| Stagnant layer | |
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| Stagnant layer solution | |
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| Burning rate - an eigenvalue | |
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| Diffusion Flame Variables | |
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| Concentrations and mixture fractions | |
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| Flame temperature and location | |
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| Convective Burning for Specific Flow Conditions | |
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| Radiation Effects on Burning | |
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| Property Values for Burning Rate Calculations | |
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| Suppression and Extinction of Burning | |
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| Chemical and physical factors | |
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| Suppression by water and diluents | |
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| The Burning Rate of Complex Materials | |
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| Control Volume Alternative to the Theory of Diffusive Burning | |
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| Condensed phase | |
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| Gas phase | |
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| General Considerations for Extinction Based on Kinetics | |
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| A demonstration of the similarity of extinction in premixed and diffusion flames | |
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| Applications to Extinction for Diffusive Burning | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Fire Plumes | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Buoyant Plumes | |
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| Governing equations | |
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| Plume characteristic scales | |
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| Solutions | |
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| Combusting Plumes | |
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| Finite Real Fire Effects | |
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| Turbulent axial flame temperatures | |
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| Plume temperatures | |
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| Entrainment rate | |
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| Flame height | |
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| Jet flames | |
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| Flame heights for other geometries | |
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| Transient Aspects of Fire Plumes | |
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| Starting plume | |
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| Fireball or thermal | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Compartment Fires | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Scope | |
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| Phases of fires in enclosures | |
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| Fluid Dynamics | |
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| General flow pattern | |
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| Vent flows | |
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| Heat Transfer | |
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| Convection | |
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| Conduction | |
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| Radiation | |
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| Overall wall heat transfer | |
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| Radiation loss from the vent | |
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| Fuel Behavior | |
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| Thermal effects | |
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| Ventilation effects | |
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| Energy release rate (firepower) | |
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| Zone Modeling and Conservation Equations | |
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| Conservation relationships | |
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| Dimensionless factors in a solution | |
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| Correlations | |
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| Developing fires | |
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| Fully developed fires | |
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| Semenov Diagrams, Flashover and Instabilities | |
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| Fixed area fire | |
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| Second item ignition | |
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| Spreading fires | |
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| References | |
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| Problems | |
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| Scaling and Dimensionless Groups | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Approaches for Establishing Dimensionless Groups | |
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| Buckingham pi method | |
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| Partial differential equation (PDE) method | |
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| Dimensional analysis | |
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| Dimensionless Groups from the Conservation Equations | |
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| Conservation of mass | |
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| Conservation of momentum | |
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| Energy equation | |
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| Heat losses | |
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| Mass flows | |
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| Liquid droplets | |
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| Chemical species | |
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| Heat flux and inconsistencies | |
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| Summary | |
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| Examples of Specific Correlations | |
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| Plume interactions with a ceiling | |
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| Smoke filling in a leaky compartment | |
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| Burning rate | |
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| Compartment fire temperature | |
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| Effect of water sprays on fire | |
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| Scale Modeling | |
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| Froude modeling | |
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| Analog scaling methods | |
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| References | |
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| Appendix | |
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| Flammability Properties | |
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| Archibald Tewarson | |
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| Index | |