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| Preface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Programming languages | |
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| Programming linguistics | |
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| Concepts and paradigms | |
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| Syntax, semantics, and pragmatics | |
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| Language processors | |
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| Historical development | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Basic Concepts | |
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| Values and types | |
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| Types | |
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| Primitive types | |
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| Built-in primitive types | |
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| Defined primitive types | |
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| Discrete primitive types | |
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| Composite types | |
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| Cartesian products, structures, and records | |
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| Mappings, arrays, and functions | |
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| Disjoint unions, discriminated records, and objects | |
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| Recursive types | |
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| Lists | |
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| Strings | |
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| Recursive types in general | |
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| Type systems | |
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| Static vs dynamic typing | |
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| Type equivalence | |
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| The Type Completeness Principle | |
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| Expressions | |
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| Literals | |
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| Constructions | |
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| Function calls | |
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| Conditional expressions | |
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| Iterative expressions | |
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| Constant and variable accesses | |
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| Implementation notes | |
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| Representation of primitive types | |
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| Representation of Cartesian products | |
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| Representation of arrays | |
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| Representation of disjoint unions | |
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| Representation of recursive types | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Variables and storage | |
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| Variables and storage | |
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| Simple variables | |
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| Composite variables | |
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| Total vs selective update | |
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| Static vs dynamic vs flexible arrays | |
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| Copy semantics vs reference semantics | |
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| Lifetime | |
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| Global and local variables | |
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| Heap variables | |
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| Persistent variables | |
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| Pointers | |
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| Pointers and recursive types | |
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| Dangling pointers | |
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| Commands | |
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| Skips | |
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| Assignments | |
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| Proper procedure calls | |
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| Sequential commands | |
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| Collateral commands | |
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| Conditional commands | |
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| Iterative commands | |
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| Expressions with side effects | |
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| Command expressions | |
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| Expression-oriented languages | |
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| Implementation notes | |
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| Storage for global and local variables | |
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| Storage for heap variables | |
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| Representation of dynamic and flexible arrays | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Bindings and scope | |
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| Bindings and environments | |
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| Scope | |
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| Block structure | |
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| Scope and visibility | |
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| Static vs dynamic scoping | |
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| Declarations | |
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| Type declarations | |
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| Constant declarations | |
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| Variable declarations | |
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| Procedure definitions | |
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| Collateral declarations | |
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| Sequential declarations | |
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| Recursive declarations | |
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| Scopes of declarations | |
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| Blocks | |
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| Block commands | |
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| Block expressions | |
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| The Qualification Principle | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Procedural abstraction | |
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| Function procedures and proper procedures | |
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| Function procedures | |
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| Proper procedures | |
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| The Abstraction Principle | |
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| Parameters and arguments | |
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| Copy parameter mechanisms | |
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| Reference parameter mechanisms | |
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| The Correspondence Principle | |
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| Implementation notes | |
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| Implementation of procedure calls | |
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| Implementation of parameter mechanisms | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Advanced Concepts | |
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| Data abstraction | |
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| Program units, packages, and encapsulation | |
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| Packages | |
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| Encapsulation | |
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| Abstract types | |
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| Objects and classes | |
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| Classes | |
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| Subclasses and inheritance | |
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| Abstract classes | |
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| Single vs multiple inheritance | |
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| Interfaces | |
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| Implementation notes | |
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| Representation of objects | |
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| Implementation of method calls | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Generic abstraction | |
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| Generic units and instantiation | |
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| Generic packages in ADA | |
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| Generic classes in C++ | |
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| Type and class parameters | |
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| Type parameters in ADA | |
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| Type parameters in C++ | |
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| Class parameters in JAVA | |
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| Implementation notes | |
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| Implementation of ADA generic units | |
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| Implementation of C++ generic units | |
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| Implementation of JAVA generic units | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Type systems | |
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| Inclusion polymorphism | |
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| Types and subtypes | |
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| Classes and subclasses | |
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| Parametric polymorphism | |
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| Polymorphic procedures | |
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| Parameterized types | |
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| Type inference | |
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| Overloading | |
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| Type conversions | |
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| Implementation notes | |
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| Implementation of parametric polymorphism | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Control flow | |
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| Sequencers | |
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| Jumps | |
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| Escapes | |
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| Exceptions | |
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| Implementation notes | |
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| Implementation of jumps and escapes | |
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| Implementation of exceptions | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Concurrency | |
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| Why concurrency? | |
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| Programs and processes | |
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| Problems with concurrency | |
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| Nondeterminism | |
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| Speed dependence | |
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| Deadlock | |
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| Starvation | |
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| Process interactions | |
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| Independent processes | |
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| Competing processes | |
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| Communicating processes | |
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| Concurrency primitives | |
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| Process creation and control | |
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| Interrupts | |
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| Spin locks and wait-free algorithms | |
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| Events | |
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| Semaphores | |
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| Messages | |
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| Remote procedure calls | |
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| Concurrent control abstractions | |
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| Conditional critical regions | |
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| Monitors | |
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| Rendezvous | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Paradigms | |
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| Imperative programming | |
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| Key concepts | |
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| Pragmatics | |
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| A simple spellchecker | |
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| Case study: C | |
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| Values and types | |
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| Variables, storage, and control | |
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| Bindings and scope | |
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| Procedural abstraction | |
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| Independent compilation | |
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| Preprocessor directives | |
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| Function library | |
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| A simple spellchecker | |
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| Case study: Ada | |
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| Values and types | |
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| Variables, storage, and control | |
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| Bindings and scope | |
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| Procedural abstraction | |
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| Data abstraction | |
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| Generic abstraction | |
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| Separate compilation | |
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| Package library | |
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| A simple spellchecker | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Object-oriented programming | |
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| Key concepts | |
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| Pragmatics | |
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| Case study: C++ | |
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| Values and types | |
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| Variables, storage, and control | |
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| Bindings and scope | |
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| Procedural abstraction | |
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| Data abstraction | |
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| Generic abstraction | |
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| Independent compilation and preprocessor directives | |
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| Class and template library | |
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| A simple spellchecker | |
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| Case study: Java | |
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| Values and types | |
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| Variables, storage, and control | |
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| Bindings and scope | |
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| Procedural abstraction | |
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| Data abstraction | |
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| Generic abstraction | |
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| Separate compilation and dynamic linking | |
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| Class library | |
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| A simple spellchecker | |
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| Case study: Ada95 | |
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| Types | |
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| Data abstraction | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Concurrent programming | |
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| Key concepts | |
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| Pragmatics | |
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| Case study: Ada95 | |
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| Process creation and termination | |
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| Mutual exclusion | |
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| Admission control | |
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| Scheduling away deadlock | |
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| Case study: Java | |
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| Process creation and termination | |
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| Mutual exclusion | |
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| Admission control | |
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| Implementation notes | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Functional programming | |
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| Key concepts | |
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| Eager vs normal-order vs lazy evaluation | |
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| Pragmatics | |
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| Case study: Haskell | |
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| Values and types | |
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| Bindings and scope | |
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| Procedural abstraction | |
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| Lazy evaluation | |
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| Data abstraction | |
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| Generic abstraction | |
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| Modeling state | |
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| A simple spellchecker | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Logic programming | |
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| Key concepts | |
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| Pragmatics | |
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| Case study: Prolog | |
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| Values, variables, and terms | |
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| Assertions and clauses | |
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| Relations | |
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| The closed-world assumption | |
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| Bindings and scope | |
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| Control | |
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| Input/output | |
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| A simple spellchecker | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Scripting | |
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| Pragmatics | |
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| Key concepts | |
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| Regular expressions | |
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| Case study: Python | |
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| Values and types | |
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| Variables, storage, and control | |
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| Bindings and scope | |
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| Procedural abstraction | |
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| Data abstraction | |
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| Separate compilation | |
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| Module library | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Conclusion | |
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| Language selection | |
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| Criteria | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| Summary | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Language design | |
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| Selection of concepts | |
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| Regularity | |
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| Simplicity | |
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| Efficiency | |
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| Syntax | |
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| Language life cycles | |
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| The future | |
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| Summary | |
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| Further reading | |
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| Exercises | |
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| Bibliography | |
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| Glossary | |
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| Index | |