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| Introduction Micheline Ishay, Human Rights: Historical and Contemporary Controversies | |
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| THE ORIGINS: Secular, Asian and Monotheistic Tradition? | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Jacques Maritain, On the Ground for an International Declaration of Human Rights, UNESCO Report (1947) | |
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| Liberty, Tolerance and Codes of Justice | |
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| United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Articles 3, 5-12, 18-20, and 27 The Secular Tradition | |
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| Hammurabi Code: On Freedom of Speech and Civil Rights (c. 1700 B.C.E.) | |
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| Plato: "Justice in State and Individual," The Republic (c. c.360 B.C.E.) | |
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| Aristotle: On Justice and Political Constitutions, The Politics (c. 350 B.C.E.) | |
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| Cicero: The Laws (52 B.C.E.) | |
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| Epictectus: "Of Freedom," The Discourses (c. 135 B.C.E.) Asian Religions and Traditions | |
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| Confucius: On Rightful Conduct of Rulers and Subjects, The Analects (c. 479 B.C.E. -221 B.C.E.) | |
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| Kautilya: On the Penal System, The Arthashastra (c. 300 B.C.E.) | |
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| Asoka: "Against Religious Intolerance and Discriminiation within the Community," The Edicts (c. 272-231 B.C.E.) | |
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| Chinese Buddhist Verses: On Moral Conduct (early 4th century) Monotheism | |
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| The Hebrew Bible: On Universalism and the Ten Commandments | |
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| The New Testament (c. 50): On Faith and the Law | |
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| The Koran (c. 632): On Tolerance and Just Society | |
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| Social and Economic Justice | |
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| United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Articles 17 and 22-26 The Secular Tradition | |
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| Hammurabi Code: On Property (c. 1700 B.C.E.) | |
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| Plato: On the Community of Property, The Republic (c. 360 B.C.E.) | |
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| Aristotle: On Property, The Politics (c. 350 B.C.E.) Asian Religions and Traditions | |
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| Confucius: On Fair Distribution and Education, The Analects (c. 551-479 B.C.E.) | |
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| Kautilya: On Labor and Property Rights, Arthashastra (c. 300 B.C.E.) | |
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| Manu: On Property Rights, The Laws (c. 200 B.C.E.) | |
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| Buddhism: On the Limitation of Property and Altruism (c. 8 th century) Monotheism | |
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| The Hebrew Bible: On the Welfare of the Poor, the Laborer and the Stranger | |
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| The New Testament: On Greed and Charity (c. 50) | |
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| The Koran: On Social and Economic Aid (c. 632) | |
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| Justice, War and Peace | |
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| United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Articles 28-30 The Secular Tradition | |
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| Thucydides: On Justice versus Power, "The Melian Dialogue," History of the Peloponnesian War (c. 411 B.C.E.) | |
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| Plato: On How to Treat One's Enemy, The Republic (c. 360 B.C.E.) Asian Religions and Traditions | |
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| Confucius: On Peace and Economic Justice, The Analects (c. 551-479 B.C.E.) | |
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| Mencius: On the Right to Overthrow a Tyrant (c. 372-289 B.C.E.) | |
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| Asoka: On Peace and Justice, The Edicts (c. 272-231 B.C.E.) Monotheism | |
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| The Hebrew Bible: On Temperance in War and Peace among Nations | |
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| The New Testament: "Never Pay Back Evil for Evil." (c.50) | |
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| The Koran: On Just War (c. 632) | |
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| Saint Augustine: On War, Peace and Harmony, City of God (413-426) | |
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| Thomas Aquinas: On Just War, Summa Theologica (1265-1273) | |
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| Justice for Whom? | |
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| United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948): Articles 1-2, 4, 13-14, 16, and 24 The Secular Tradition | |
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| Hammurabi Code: On Women and Slaves (c. 1700 B.C.E.) | |
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| Plato: On Women's Abilities, The Republic (c. 360 B.C.E.) | |
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| Plato: On Homosexuals, The Symposium (c. 360 B.C.E.) | |
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| Aristotle: On the Justification of Slavery, The Politics (c. 350 B.C.E.) Asian Religions and Traditions | |
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| Kautilya: On Women, Slavery, and Homosexuality, The Arthashastra (c. 300 B.C.E.) | |
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| Manu: On Women and the Caste System, The Laws (c. 200 B.C.E.) | |
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