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| Preface | |
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| Introduction to the analysis and design of excavations | |
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| Geological investigation and soil tests | |
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| Conditions of the adjacent properties | |
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| Confirmation of the conditions of an excavation site | |
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| Designing criteria | |
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| Collecting case histories of the nearby excavations | |
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| Auxiliary methods | |
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| Excavation analyses | |
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| Layout of the strutting system | |
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| Monitoring system | |
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| Protection of neighboring properties | |
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| Basic properties and mechanical characteristics of soils | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic properties | |
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| Specific gravity | |
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| Unit weight and water content | |
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| Atterberg limit | |
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| Permeability | |
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| Consolidation | |
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| Concept of effective stresses | |
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| Parameters of porewater pressure | |
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| Failure of soils | |
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| Mohr-Coulomb failure theory | |
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| Some commonly used laboratory shear strength tests | |
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| Triaxial test | |
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| Direct shear test | |
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| Direct simple shear test | |
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| Stress paths | |
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| Drained shear strength of soils | |
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| Undrained shear strength of saturated cohesive soils | |
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| Concepts of undrained shear strength | |
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| Characteristics of undrained shear strength | |
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| Methods to obtain undrained shear strength | |
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| Triaxial UU test | |
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| CU test | |
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| Field vane shear test | |
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| Cone penetration test | |
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| Other methods and empirical formulas | |
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| Relationship between shear strength, volume change, and porewater pressure | |
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| Undrained shear strength of unsaturated cohesive soils | |
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| Soil properties at the TNEC site | |
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| Summary and general comments | |
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| Excavation methods and lateral supporting systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Excavation methods | |
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| Full open cut methods | |
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| Braced excavation methods | |
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| Anchored excavation methods | |
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| Island excavation methods | |
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| Top-down construction methods | |
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| Zoned excavation methods | |
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| Retaining walls | |
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| Soldier piles | |
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| Sheet piles | |
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| Column piles | |
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| Diaphragm walls | |
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| Strutting systems | |
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| Selection of the retaining strut system | |
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| Case history of the TNEC excavation | |
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| Summary and general comments | |
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| Lateral earth pressure | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Lateral earth pressure at rest | |
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| Rankine's earth pressure theory | |
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| Coulomb's earth pressure theory | |
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| General discussion of various earth pressure theories | |
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| Displacement and earth pressure | |
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| Comparisons of Rankine's and Coulomb's earth pressure theories | |
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| Reliability of earth pressure theories and other solutions | |
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| Earth pressure for design | |
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| Cohesive soils | |
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| Cohesionless soils | |
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| Alternated layers | |
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| Sloping ground | |
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| Surcharge | |
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| Seepage | |
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| Earthquakes | |
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| Summary and general comments | |
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| Stability analysis | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Types of factors of safety | |
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| Overall shear failure | |
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| Free earth support method and fixed earth support method | |
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| Overall shear failure of strutted walls | |
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| Push-in | |
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| Basal heave | |
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| Bearing capacity method | |
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| Negative bearing capacity method | |
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| Slip circle method | |
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| Comparisons of the various analysis methods for basal heave failure | |
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| Applicability to sandy soils | |
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| Case study of overall shear failure | |
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| Overall shear failure of cantilever walls | |
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| Upheaval | |
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| Sand boiling | |
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| Mechanism and factors of safety | |
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| Case study | |
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| Summary and general comments | |
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| Stress and deformation analysis: simplified method | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Analysis of settlement induced by the construction of diaphragm walls | |
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| Characteristics of wall movement induced by excavation | |
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| Safety factors of stability | |
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| Excavation width | |
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| Excavation depth | |
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| Wall penetration depth | |
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| Wall stiffness | |
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| Strut stiffness | |
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| Strut spacing | |
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| Strut preload | |
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| Characteristics of ground movement induced by excavation | |
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| Shapes and types of ground surface settlement | |
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| Influence zones of settlement | |
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| Locations of the maximum settlement | |
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| Magnitude of the maximum settlement | |
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| Relationships between ground surface settlements and soil movements | |
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| Characteristics of excavation bottom movement induced by excavation | |
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| Time dependent movement | |
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| Analysis of wall deformations induced by excavation | |
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| Analysis of ground surface settlements induced by excavation | |
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| Peck's method | |
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| Bowles's method | |
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| Clough and O'Rourke's method | |
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| Ou and Hsieh's method | |
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| Comparison of the various analysis methods | |
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| Three-dimensional excavation behavior | |
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| Stress analysis | |
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| Struts-the apparent earth pressure method | |
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| Cantilevered walls-the simplified gross pressure method | |
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| Strutted walls-the assumed support method | |
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| Distribution of lateral earth pressure | |
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| Location of the assumed support | |
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| Computation procedure | |
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| Summary and general comments | |
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| Stress and deformation analysis: beam on elastic foundation method | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic principles | |
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| Formulation | |
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| Distribution of lateral earth pressures | |
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| Estimation of coefficient of subgrade reaction | |
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| Estimation of structural parameters | |
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| Analysis methods for excavations | |
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| Direct analysis and back analysis | |
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| Drained analysis, undrained analysis, and partially drained analysis | |
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| Computation of ground surface settlement | |
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| Limitations of the beam on elastic foundation method | |
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| Application of computer programs | |
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| Confirmation of the type of stress used in computer programs | |
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| Application of the computer program coded on the sole basis of the effective stress | |
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| Application of the computer program coded on the double basis of effective and total stresses | |
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| Confirmation of the type of earth pressure theory built into computer programs | |
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| Verification through case histories | |
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| Summary and general comments | |
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| Stress and deformation analysis: finite element method | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Basic principles | |
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| Plane strain elements | |
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| Bar elements | |
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| Beam elements | |
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| Interface elements | |
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| Stress-strain relationship and constitutive laws of soils | |
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| Elastic incremental model-the hyperbolic model | |
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| Linear elastic elastoplastic model | |
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| Cam-clay model and other high order models | |
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| Stress-strain relationship of structural materials and structural models | |
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| Determination of initial stresses | |
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| Direct input method | |
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| Gravity generation method | |
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| Modeling of an excavation process | |
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| Mesh generation | |
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| Shape of the element | |
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| Density of mesh | |
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| Boundary conditions | |
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| Excavation analysis method | |
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| Direct analysis and back analysis | |
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| Total stress analysis and effective stress analysis | |
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| Drained analysis, undrained analysis, and partially drained analysis | |
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| Coupled analysis | |
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| Plane strain analysis and three-dimensional analysis | |
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| Determination of soil parameters | |
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| Parameters for elastic deformation | |
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| Parameters for the hyperbolic model | |
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| Parameters for the linear elastic elastoplastic model | |
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| Parameters for the Cam-clay model and other high order models | |
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| Determination of structural parameters | |
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| Discussion of accuracy of analysis results | |
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| Summary and general comments | |
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| Dewatering of excavations | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Goals of dewatering | |
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| Methods of dewatering | |
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| Open sumps or ditches | |
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| Deep wells | |
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| Well points | |
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| Well theory | |
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| Confined aquifers | |
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| Full penetration wells | |
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| Partial penetration well | |
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| Free aquifers | |
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| Full penetration well | |
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| Partial penetration well | |
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| Group wells | |
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| Pumping tests | |
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| Step drawdown tests | |
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| Constant rate tests | |
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| Confined aquifers | |
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| Free aquifers | |
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| Dewatering plan for an excavation | |
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| Selection of dewatering methods | |
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| Determination of hydraulic parameters | |
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| Determination of the capacity of wells | |
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| Estimation of the number of wells | |
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| Computation of the influence range of drawdown | |
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| Dewatering and ground settlement | |
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| Summary and general comments | |
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| Design of retaining structural components | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Design methods and factors of safety | |
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| Retaining walls | |
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| Soldier piles | |
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| Sheet piles | |
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| Column piles | |
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| Diaphragm walls | |
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| Vertical main reinforcement | |
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| Horizontal main reinforcement | |
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| Shear reinforcement | |
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| Lap splice length and development length | |
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| Structural components in braced excavations | |
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| Strut systems | |
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| Horizontal struts | |
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| Stress computation | |
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| Allowable stress | |
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| Examination of combined stresses | |
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| End braces and corner braces | |
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| Wales | |
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| Center posts | |
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| Vertical bearing capacity | |
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| Pullout resistance | |
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| Structural components in anchored excavations | |
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| Anchor systems | |
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| Components of anchors | |
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| Analysis of anchor load | |
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| Arrangement of anchors | |
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| Design of anchor heads, anchor stands, and wales | |
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| Design of the free section | |
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| Design of the fixed section | |
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| Friction type of anchor | |
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| Underreamed anchors | |
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| Preloading | |
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| Design of retaining walls | |
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| Tests of anchors | |
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| Proving test | |
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| Suitability test | |
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| Acceptance test | |
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| Summary and general comments | |
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| Excavation and protection of adjacent buildings | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Allowable settlement of buildings | |
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| Allowable settlement under the building weight | |
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| Excavation-induced allowable settlement | |
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| Introduction to soil improvement methods | |
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| Chemical grouting method | |
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| Jet grouting method | |
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| Deep mixing method | |
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| Compaction grouting method | |
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| Building protection using the characteristics of excavation-induced deformation | |
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| Reduce the unsupported length of the retaining wall | |
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| Decrease the influence of creep | |
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| Take advantage of corner effect | |
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| Take advantage of the characteristics of ground settlement | |
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| Building protection by increasing stiffness of the retaining-strut system | |
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| Building protection by utilizing auxiliary methods | |
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| Ground improvement | |
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| Counterfort walls | |
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| Cross walls | |
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| Micro piles | |
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| Underpinning | |
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| Construction defects and remedial measures | |
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| Leakage through the retaining wall | |
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| Dewatering during excavation | |
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| Construction of the retaining wall | |
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| Pulling out the used piles | |
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| Over-excavation | |
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| Building rectification methods | |
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| Compaction grouting | |
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| Chemical grouting | |
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| Underpinning | |
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| Summary and general comments | |
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| Monitoring systems | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Elements of a monitoring system | |
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| Principles of strain gauges | |
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| Wire resistant type of strain gauges | |
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| Vibrating type of strain gauges | |
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| Measurement of movement and tilt | |
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| Lateral deformation of retaining walls and soils | |
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| Tilt of buildings | |
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| Ground settlement and building settlement | |
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| Heave of excavation bottoms | |
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| Measurement of stress and force | |
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| Strut load | |
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| Stress of the retaining wall | |
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| Earth pressure on the retaining wall | |
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| Measurement of water pressure and groundwater level | |
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| Water pressure | |
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| Groundwater level | |
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| Other measurement objects | |
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| Plan of monitoring systems | |
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| Application of monitoring systems | |
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| Summary and general comments | |
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| Conversion factors | |
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| Length | |
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| Area | |
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| Volume or section modulus | |
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| Moment of inertia | |
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| Mass | |
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| Density | |
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| Force or weight | |
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| Stress or pressure | |
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| Unit weight | |
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| Indices of the case histories: TNEC and buildings P, Q, R, and S | |
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| TNEC | |
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| Building P | |
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| Building Q | |
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| Building R | |
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| Building S | |
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| Commonly used steel sections or piles | |
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| H-steel (or W-section) | |
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| I-section | |
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| U-section sheet piles | |
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| Z-section sheet piles | |
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| Line-section sheet piles | |
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| Rail piles | |
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| Definition of plane strain | |
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| Answers to selected problems | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |