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| Models and Modeling | |
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| Why Model? | |
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| The Modeling Process | |
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| Identifying the Nature and Scope of the Problem | |
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| Developing the Conceptual Model | |
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| Stating the Assumptions | |
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| Formulating the Mathematical Model | |
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| Implementing the Computational Model | |
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| Evaluating the Model | |
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| Llyn Efyrnwy | |
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| Structure and Objectives of the Book | |
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| Resources on the CD-ROM | |
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| Typographical Conventions | |
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| Visualizing Environmental Data | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Creating 2D Plots | |
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| Creating a Simple x-y Plot | |
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| Labeling the Axes of a Plot | |
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| Plotting Multiple Data Series | |
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| Plotting with Different Data Styles | |
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| Plotting Time-Series Data | |
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| Plotting Multiple Time-Series | |
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| Further Control over Plotting Styles | |
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| Plotting in Three Dimensions | |
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| Description of the Digital Elevation Data Set | |
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| Visualizing 3D Data in gnuplot | |
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| Altering the View Direction | |
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| Generating a 3D Surface Plot | |
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| Hidden-Line Removal | |
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| Producing Solid Surface Models | |
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| Contouring 3D Surface Plots | |
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| Printing Plots | |
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| Exporting Graphics Files | |
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| Command-Line Scripts | |
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| Summary | |
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| Processing Environmental Data | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Structure of the Llyn Efyrnwy Precipitation Data | |
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| Creating and Running a Simple gawk Program | |
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| Using gawk to Process Selected Fields | |
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| Storing the gawk Program in a File | |
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| Using gawk to Process Selected Records | |
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| Controlling the Format of the Output | |
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| Redirecting the Output to a File | |
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| Visualizing the Output Data | |
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| Logical or Boolean Operators in gawk | |
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| Summary | |
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| Wind Speed and Wind Power | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Description of the Wind Speed Data | |
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| Calculating the Annual Mean Wind Speed | |
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| Determining the Maximum Wind Speed | |
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| Exploring Wind Speed Variability | |
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| Determining the Absolute Frequency Distribution | |
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| Determining the Relative Frequency Distribution | |
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| Probability Distributions and Probability Density Functions | |
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| Function Fitting in gnuplot | |
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| Probability of the Wind Speed Exceeding a Given Value | |
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| Wind Energy and Power | |
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| Theoretical Basis | |
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| Application to Llyn Efyrnwy Data | |
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| Visualizing the Output | |
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| Summary | |
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| Solar Radiation at Earth's Surface | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Description of the Solar Irradiance Data | |
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| Analyzing the Observations | |
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| Data Extraction and Pre-Processing | |
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| Visualizing the Output | |
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| Modeling Solar Irradiance | |
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| Formulating the Mathematical Model | |
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| Implementing the Computational Model | |
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| Enhancing the Implementation | |
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| Visualizing the Simulated Variation in Solar Irradiance | |
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| Summary | |
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| Light Interaction with a Plant Canopy | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Developing a Model of Light Interaction with Plant Canopies | |
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| Specifying the Conceptual Model | |
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| Formulating the Mathematical Model | |
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| Implementing the Computational Model | |
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| Running the Model | |
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| Evaluating the Output from the Computational Model | |
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| A Two-Layer Light Interaction Model | |
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| Improving the Conceptual Model | |
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| Reformulating the Mathematical Model | |
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| Implementing the Two-Layer Model in gawk | |
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| Running the Two-Layer Model | |
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| Evaluating the Two-Layer Model | |
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| Accounting for Multiple Scattering | |
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| Enhancing the Conceptual and Mathematical Models | |
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| Implementing the Revised Two-Layer Model | |
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| Running the Revised Two-Layer Model | |
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| Evaluating the Revised Two-Layer Model | |
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| Multiple Leaf-Layer Models | |
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| Enhancing the Conceptual Model | |
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| Formulating the Three-Layer Model | |
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| Implementing the Three-Layer Model | |
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| Running the Three-Layer Model | |
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| Evaluating the Multiple-Layer Model | |
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| Summary | |
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| Analytical and Numerical Solutions | |
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| Introduction | |
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| An Exact Analytical Solution to the Two-Layer Model | |
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| Reformulating the Two-Layer Model | |
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| Implementing and Running the Exact Analytical Solution | |
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| Evaluating the Exact Analytical Solution | |
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| An Iterative Numerical Solution to the Multiple Leaf-Layer Model | |
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| Revisiting the Conceptual Model | |
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| Formulating the Mathematical Model | |
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| Implementing the Multiple Leaf-Layer Model | |
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| Running the Multiple Leaf-Layer Model | |
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| Evaluating the Multiple Leaf-Layer Model | |
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| How Many Iterations are Required? | |
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| Objective Determination of the Required Number of Iterations | |
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| Running and Evaluating the Revised Computational Model | |
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| Bouguer's Law and the Attenuation Coefficient | |
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| Implementing a Computational Model of Bouguer's Law | |
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| Running and Evaluating the Modified Computational Model | |
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| Visualizing the Output | |
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| Function Fitting in gnuplot | |
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| Summary | |
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| Population Dynamics | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Unconstrained or Density-Independent Growth | |
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| Development of the Conceptual Model | |
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| Formulation, Implementation and Evaluation of the Discrete Model | |
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| Formulation, Implementation and Evaluation of the Continuous Model | |
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| Constrained or Density-Dependent Growth | |
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| Developing the Conceptual Model | |
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| Continuous Logistic Model | |
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| Discrete Logistic Model | |
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| Numerical Integration (or Stepping) Methods | |
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| Euler's Method | |
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| Runge-Kutta Methods | |
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| Inter-Specific Competition | |
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| Conceptual Basis and Mathematical Formulation | |
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| Implementation | |
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| Running the Model | |
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| Visualization | |
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| Predator-Prey Relationships | |
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| Conceptual Basis and Mathematical Formulation | |
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| Implementation | |
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| Running the Model | |
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| Visualization | |
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| Summary | |
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| Biospheric Feedback on Daisyworld | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Description and Assumptions of the Conceptual Model | |
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| Formulating the Mathematical Model | |
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| Implementing the Computational Model | |
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| Implementation 1: Constant Solar Luminosity | |
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| Implementation 2: Increasing Solar Luminosity | |
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| Implementation 3: Exploring the Impact of Biodiversity | |
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| Implementation 4: Modularizing the Code with User-Defined Functions | |
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| Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Analysis | |
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| Summary | |
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| Modeling Incident Solar Radiation and Hydrological Networks Over Natural Terrain | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Visualizing Digital Elevation Data as an Array | |
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| Handling Multi-Dimensional Arrays in gawk | |
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| Determining Terrain Gradient and Aspect | |
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| Formulation | |
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| Implementation | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| Visualization | |
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| Solar Irradiance on Sloping Terrain | |
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| Formulation | |
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| Implementation | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| Visualization | |
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| Modeling Hydrological Networks | |
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| Implementation | |
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| Evaluation | |
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| Visualization | |
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| Modified Implementation | |
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| Evaluation of the Modified Implementation | |
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| Visualization of the LDD Vectors on a Solid Surface Model | |
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| Summary and Further Directions | |
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| Installing and Running the Software | |
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| Introduction | |
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| Some Basic Computing Concepts | |
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| Operating System | |
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| Files, Directories, Paths and File Systems | |
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| Installing and Running gnuplot | |
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| Instructions for Microsoft Windows | |
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| Instructions for GNU/Linux | |
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| Installing and Running gawk | |
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| Instructions for Microsoft Windows | |
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| Instructions for GNU/Linux | |
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| GNU General Public License | |
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| Preamble | |
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| Terms and Conditions for Copying, Distribution and Modification | |
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| No Warranty | |
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| Gnuplot License | |
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| Standards | |
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| International Standard Date and Time Notation | |
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| SI Units (Systeme International d'Unites) | |
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| Solutions to Exercises | |
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| Acronyms and Abbreviations | |
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| List of Symbols | |
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| References | |
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| Index | |